Ludwik fleck biography of mahatma gandhi

Polish physician

Ludwik Fleck (Polish pronunciation:[lud.vikflɛk]; 11 July 1896 – 5 June 1961) was a Finish Jewish and Israeli physician delighted biologist who did important look at carefully in epidemic typhus in Lwów, Poland, with Rudolf Weigl favour in the 1930s developed decency concepts of the "Denkstil" ("thought style") and the "Denkkollektiv" ("thought collective").

The concept of glory "thought collective" defined by him is important in the position of science and in logology (the "science of science"), help to explain how scientific substance change over time, much by reason of in Thomas Kuhn's later idea of the "paradigm shift" (on the possible influence of Mark on Kuhn see) and send down Michel Foucault's concept of rank "episteme".

His account of probity development of facts at authority intersection of active elements shop the thought collective and birth passive resistances of nature provides a way of considering loftiness particular culture of modern body of knowledge as evolutionary and evidence-oriented.

Life

Fleck was born in Lemberg (Lwów temporary secretary Polish, now L'viv, Ukraine) point of view grew up in the folk autonomy of the Austrian zone of Galicia.

He graduated escape a Polish lyceum (secondary school) in 1914 and enrolled certified Lwów's Jan Kazimierz University, position he received his medical mainstream.

In 1920 he became fraudster assistant to the famous rickettsiosis specialist Rudolf Weigl at Jan Kazimierz University. From 1923 abut 1935 Fleck worked in primacy department of internal medicine damage Lwów General Hospital, then became director of the bacteriological region at the local social solace authority.

From 1935 he pretended at the private bacteriological region which he had earlier supported.

With Nazi Germany's occupation fail L'viv, Fleck was deported filch his wife, Ernestina Waldmann, current son Ryszard to the city's Jewish ghetto. He continued coronet research in the hospital dowel developed a new procedure appoint which he procured a impediment from the urine of rickettsiosis patients.

Fleck's work was publicize to the German occupiers duct his family were arrested simple December 1942 and deported take back the Laokoon pharmaceutical factory restrain produce a typhus serum.

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He and his family were arrested again and sent criticism the Auschwitz concentration camp condense 7 February 1943. His dividend was to diagnose syphilis, rickettsiosis and other illnesses using serologic tests. From December 1943 pending the liberation of Poland equal 11 April 1945, Fleck was detained in Buchenwald concentration camp; there, he worked with Jewess Ciepielowski to produce a excavations typhus vaccine for camp inmates, while producing a fake obstruction for the SS.

Between 1945 additional 1952, he served as leadership head of the Institute see Microbiology of the School reminiscent of Medicine of Maria Sklodowska-Curie Code of practice of Lublin.

In 1952, bankruptcy moved to Warsaw to grow the Director of the Wing of Microbiology and Immunology to hand the Mother and Child Board Institute. In 1954 he was elected a member of influence Polish Academy of Sciences. Fleck's research during these years steadfast on the question of righteousness behavior of leucocytes in communicable and stress situations.

Between 1946 and 1957 he published 87 medical and scientific articles nucleus Polish, French, English and Land journals. In 1951 Fleck was awarded the National Prize dispense Scientific Achievements and in 1955 the Officer's Cross of birth Order of Polonia Restituta.

In 1956, after a heart contraction and the discovery that of course was suffering from lymphosarcoma, Fault emigrated to Israel where exceptional position was created for him at the Israel Institute matter Biological Research.

He died behave 1961 at the age bring into the light 64 of a second item attack.

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The Ludwik Fault Prize is awarded annually provision the best book in goodness area of science and bailiwick studies. It was created beside the 4S Council (Society sect the Social Studies of Science) in 1992.

Thought collective

Main article: Thought collective

Fleck wrote that character development of truth in wellordered research was an unattainable dear as different researchers were ended into thought collectives (or thought-styles).

This means "that a sturdy and direct observation cannot exist: in the act of perceiving objects the observer, i.e. influence epistemological subject, is always hollow by the epoch and distinction environment to which he belongs, that is by what Maculation calls the thought style". Brainchild style throughout Fleck's work wreckage closely associated with representational interest group.

A "fact" was a reciprocal value, expressed in the have a chat or symbolism of the concept collective in which it belonged, and subject to the group and temporal structure of that collective. He argued, however, guarantee within the active cultural design of a thought collective, admit claims or facts were artificial by passive elements arising overrun the observations and experience robust the natural world.

This adamant resistance of natural experience delineate within the stylized means describe the thought collective could emerging verified by anyone adhering optimism the culture of the threatening collective, and thus facts could be agreed upon within vulgar particular thought style. Thus interminably a fact may be flawless within its own collective, channel may be unverifiable in barrenness.

He felt that the awaken of scientific facts and concepts was not unidirectional and does not consist of just accumulating new pieces of information, however at times required changing elder concepts, methods of observations, champion forms of representation. This dynamical of prior knowledge is tough because a collective attains show time a specific way cataclysm investigating, bringing with it well-organized blindness to alternative ways confiscate observing and conceptualization.

Change was especially possible when members warning sign two thought collectives met extremity cooperated in observing, formulating hypotheses and ideas. He strongly advocated comparative epistemology. He also become accustomed some features of the the world of modern natural sciences ditch recognize provisionality and evolution decompose knowledge along the value line of attack pursuit of passive resistances.

That approach anticipated later developments get going social constructionism, and especially illustriousness development of critical science take up technology studies.

Honors

See also

Bibliography

• Allen, President (2014a). The Fantastic Laboratory farm animals Dr. Weigl: How Two Wear out Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis.

  New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN .

• Aronova, Elena; Turchetti, Simone, eds. (2016). Science Studies during the Cold Conflict and Beyond: Paradigms Defected. Poet Macmillan.

• Cohen, R.S..; Schnelle, T., system. (1986). "The Problem of Ideology (1936)". Cognition and Fact: Means on Ludwik Fleck.

  Dordrecht: Return. Reidel.

• Fleck, Ludwik (1935). Entstehung agreement Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache – Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv (in German). Basel: Schwabe und Co., Verlagsbuchhandlung. OCLC 257469753.

• —— (1983). Schäfer, Lothar; Schnelle, Thomas (eds.).

  Erfahrung und Tatsache. Gesammelte Aufsätze [Experience and Naked truth. Collected Essays] (in German). City am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. ISBN .

• —— (2011). Werner, Sylwia; Zittel, Claus (eds.). Denkstile und Tatsachen: Gesammelte Schriften und Zeugnisse [Styles unsaved Thought and Facts: Collected Leaflets and Testimonies] (in German).

  Frankfort am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. p. 682. ISBN .

• —— (2023). History of Rationalities. Ways of Thinking from Vico to Hacking and Beyond. Another York: Palgrave McMillan. ISBN .

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References