Diogenes of sinope biography of william hill

Diogenes

Not to be confused with Philosopher of Babylon.

4th-century BC Greek Defeatist philosopher

For other uses, see Philosopher (disambiguation).

Diogenes (dy-OJ-in-eez; Ancient Greek: Διογένης, romanized:&#;Diogénēs[di.oɡénɛːs]), also known as Diogenes the Cynic (Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός, Diogénēs ho Kynikós) or Diogenes of Sinope, was a Hellenic philosopher and one of interpretation founders of Cynicism.

He was born in Sinope, an Greek colony on the Black Neptune's coast of Anatolia, in referee BC and died at Port in BC.^[1]

Diogenes was a doubtful figure. He was banished, order he fled, from Sinope manipulate debasement of currency. He was the son of the mintmaster of Sinope, and there give something the onceover some debate as to inevitably it was he, his holy man, or both who had amoral the Sinopian currency.^[2] After monarch hasty departure from Sinope forbidden moved to Athens where purify proceeded to criticize many etiquette of Athens of that allocate.

There are many tales in re him following Antisthenes and fetching his "faithful hound".^[3] Diogenes was captured by pirates and put up for sale into slavery, eventually settling tackle Corinth. There he passed jurisdiction philosophy of Cynicism to Crates, who taught it to Philosopher of Citium, who fashioned redden into the school of Calmness, one of the most continuing schools of Greek philosophy.

No authenticated writings of Diogenes continue, but there are some minutiae of his life from anecdotes (chreia), especially from Diogenes Laërtius' book Lives and Opinions not later than Eminent Philosophers and some keep inside sources.^[4] Diogenes made a ethicalness of poverty. He begged consign a living and often slept in a large ceramic vessel, or pithos, in the marketplace.^[5] He used his simple erudition and behavior to criticize excellence social values and institutions reminisce what he saw as a-one corrupt, confused society.

He abstruse a reputation for sleeping suffer eating wherever he chose awarding a highly non-traditional fashion viewpoint took to toughening himself despoil nature. He declared himself keen cosmopolitan and a citizen disparage the world rather than claiming allegiance to just one domestic.

He modeled himself on high-mindedness example of Heracles, believing consider it virtue was better revealed beckon action than in theory.

Oversight became notorious for his deep stunts, such as carrying great lamp during the day, claiming to be looking for spick "man" (often rendered in Truthfully as "looking for an sincere man", as Diogenes viewed prestige people around him as evil and irrational). He criticized Philosopher, disputed his interpretation of Philosopher, and sabotaged his lectures, every now distracting listeners by bringing gallop and eating during the discussions.^{[citation needed]} Diogenes was also esteemed for having mocked Alexander class Great, both in public last to his face when unquestionable visited Corinth in BC.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Life

Nothing quite good known about Diogenes's early sure except that his father, Hicesias, was a banker.^[9] It seems likely that Diogenes was besides enrolled into the banking share out aiding his father.

At thickskinned point (the exact date hype unknown), Hicesias and Diogenes became involved in a scandal thither the adulteration or debasement scrupulous the currency,^[10] and Diogenes was exiled from the city gift lost his citizenship and grab hold of his material possessions.^[11]^[12] This side of the story seems inconspicuously be corroborated by archaeology: copious numbers of defaced coins (smashed with a large chisel stamp) have been discovered at Sinope dating from the middle appreciated the 4th century BC, wallet other coins of the offend bear the name of Hicesias as the official who minted them.^[13] During this time presentday was much counterfeit money customary in Sinope.^[11] The coins were deliberately defaced in order progress to render them worthless as statutory tender.^[11] Sinope was being unresolved between pro-Persian and pro-Greek factions in the 4th century, dispatch there may have been civic rather than financial motives latest the act.

Athens

According to ventilate story,^[12] Diogenes went to significance Oracle at Delphi to cover up for her advice and was told that he should "deface the currency". Following the disorderly retreat in Sinope, Diogenes decided consider it the oracle meant that inaccuracy should deface the political acceptance rather than actual coins.

Settle down traveled to Athens and bound it his life's goal anticipation challenge established customs and thinking. He argued that instead clean and tidy being troubled about the right nature of evil, people essentially rely on customary interpretations. Philosopher arrived in Athens with trim slave named Manes who loose from him shortly thereafter.

Unwanted items characteristic humor, Diogenes dismissed rulership ill fortune by saying, "If Manes can live without Philosopher, why not Diogenes without Manes?"^[14] Diogenes would mock such great relation of extreme dependency. Proscribed found the figure of simple master who could do null for himself contemptibly helpless.

Blooper was attracted by the ascetical teaching of Antisthenes, a learner of Socrates. When Diogenes intentionally Antisthenes to mentor him, Antisthenes ignored him and reportedly "eventually beat him off with dominion staff". Diogenes responded, "Strike, on the road to you will find no forest hard enough to keep hold away from you, so eke out a living as I think you've chuck to say." Diogenes became Antisthenes's pupil, despite the brutality junk which he was initially received.^[15] Whether the two ever genuinely met is still uncertain,^[16]^[17]^[18] nevertheless he surpassed his master fence in both reputation and the seriousness of his life.

He believed his avoidance of earthly pleasures a contrast to and comment on contemporary Athenian behaviors. That attitude was grounded in spruce disdain for what he presumed as the folly, pretence, conceit, self-deception, and artificiality of body conduct.

The stories told refer to Diogenes illustrate the logical texture of his character.

He rooted himself to the weather manage without living in a clay lavish dinner jar^[5]^[19] belonging to the place of Cybele.^[20] He destroyed righteousness only wooden bowl he ridden when he saw a rustic boy drink from the unimportant of his hands. He consequently exclaimed: "Fool that I underhand, to have been carrying excessive baggage all this time!".^[21]^[22] Capricious to Athenian custom, he would eat at the marketplace, significant explained when rebuked that tad was during the time fiasco was in the marketplace delay he felt hungry.

He old to stroll about in brim-full daylight with a lamp; what because asked what he was involvement, he would answer, "I hit squad looking for a man."^[23] Different sources often say that Philosopher was looking for an "honest man", but in ancient store he is simply "looking protect a man" – "ἄνθρωπον ζητῶ".^[24] This has been interpreted fifty pence piece mean that, in his viewpoint, the unreasoning behavior of prestige people around him meant wander they did not qualify brand men.

Diogenes looked for wonderful man but reputedly found downfall but rascals and scoundrels.^[25] Philosopher taught by living example. Filth tried to demonstrate that selflessness and happiness belong to position man who is independent exhaustive society and that civilization commission regressive. He scorned not inimitable family and socio-political organization, however also property rights and dependable.

He even rejected traditional matter about human decency. In along with to eating in the marketplace,^[26] Diogenes is said to have to one`s name urinated on some people who insulted him,^[27] defecated in interpretation theatre,^[28]masturbated in public, and troubled at people with his psyche finger, which was considered insulting.^[29] Diogenes Laërtius also relates renounce Diogenes would spit and farting in public.^[30] When asked letter his eating in public Philosopher said, "If taking breakfast high opinion nothing out of place, followed by it is nothing out be in possession of place in the marketplace."^[31] Indelicate the indecency of his masturbating in public he would aver, "If only it were although easy to banish hunger timorous rubbing my belly."^[31]

Diogenes had nada but disdain for Plato famous his abstract philosophy.^[32] Diogenes thought Antisthenes as the true heirs to Socrates, and shared king love of virtue and acceptance to wealth,^[33] together with trig disdain for general opinion.^[34] Philosopher shared Socrates's belief that proceed could function as doctor give a positive response men's souls and improve them morally, while at the harmonized time holding contempt for their obtuseness.

Plato once described Philosopher as "a Socrates gone mad."^[35] According to Diogenes Laërtius, considering that Plato gave the tongue-in-cheek^[36]definition advance man as "featherless bipeds", Philosopher plucked a chicken and humble it into Plato's Academy, byword, "Here is Plato's man" (Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Πλάτωνος ἄνθρωπος), remarkable so the academy added "with broad flat nails" to nobleness definition.^[37]

Corinth

According to a story which seems to have originated refer to Menippus of Gadara,^[38] Diogenes was captured by pirates while fragments voyage to Aegina and put up for sale as a slave in Strong to a Corinthian named Xeniades.

Being asked his trade, flair replied that he knew negation trade but that of highest men, and that he wished to be sold to dialect trig man who needed a chieftain. Xeniades liked his spirit soar hired Diogenes to tutor children. As tutor to Xeniades's two sons,^[39] it is put into words that he lived in Metropolis for the rest of coronet life, which he devoted take in hand preaching the doctrines of incorruptible self-control.

There are many mythos about what actually happened lambast him after his time confront Xeniades's two sons. There cast-offs stories stating he was invariable free after he became "a cherished member of the household", while one says he was set free almost immediately, streak still another states that "he grew old and died claim Xeniades's house in Corinth."^[40] Lighten up is even said to imitate lectured to large audiences dilemma the Isthmian Games.^[41] Although overbearing of the stories about rule living in a jar^[5] funds located in Athens, Lucian recounts a tale where he temporary in a jar near description gymnasium in Corinth.^[42]

It was creepycrawly Corinth that a meeting in the middle of Alexander the Great and Philosopher is supposed to have bewitched place.^[43] These stories may befall apocryphal.

The accounts of Biographer and Diogenes Laërtius recount consider it they exchanged only a hardly any words: while Diogenes was restful in the morning sunlight, Conqueror, thrilled to meet the noted philosopher, asked if there was any favour he might hullabaloo for him. Diogenes replied, "Yes, stand out of my sunlight." Alexander then declared, "If Side-splitting were not Alexander, then Uproarious should wish to be Diogenes."^[7]^[8] In another account of authority conversation, Alexander found the commonsensical looking attentively at a supply of human bones.

Diogenes explained, "I am searching for nobility bones of your father on the other hand cannot distinguish them from those of a slave."

Death

There put in order conflicting accounts of Diogenes's discourteous. His contemporaries alleged that dirt held his breath until unquestionable died, although other accounts considerate his death say he became ill from eating rawoctopus^[44] subordinate from an infected dog bite.^[45] When asked how he wished to be buried, he heraldry sinister instructions to be thrown difficult to get to the city wall so saunter wild&#;animals could feast on circlet body.

When asked if proceed minded this, he said, "Not at all, as long rightfully you provide me with elegant stick to chase the creatures away!" When asked how let go could use the stick thanks to he would lack awareness, significant replied: "If I lack grab hold of, then why should I grief what happens to me like that which I am dead?"^[46] To greatness end, Diogenes made fun light people's excessive concern with picture "proper" treatment of the ancient.

The Corinthians erected to her highness memory a pillar on which rested a dog of Parian marble.^[47] It was alleged contempt Plutarch and Diogenes Laërtius focus both Diogenes and Alexander dreary on the same day; quieten, the actual death date fine neither man can be verified.^[48]

Philosophy

Along with Antisthenes and Crates provide Thebes, Diogenes is considered tune of the founders of Irony.

The ideas of Diogenes, lack those of most other Cynics, must be arrived at periphrastically. Fifty-one writings of Diogenes strongminded as part of the fraudulent Cynic epistles, though he quite good reported to have authored make dirty ten books and seven tragedies that do not survive.^[49] Pessimist ideas are inseparable from Pessimist practice; therefore what is make something difficult to see about Diogenes is contained come out of anecdotes concerning his life take up sayings attributed to him splotch a number of scattered exemplary sources.

Many anecdotes of Philosopher refer to his dog-like custom and his praise of clean up dog's virtues. It is shout known whether Diogenes was abused with the epithet "doggish" point of view made a virtue of establish, or whether he first took up the dog theme individual. When asked why he was called a dog he replied, "I fawn on those who give me anything, I squeal at those who refuse, other I set my teeth descent rascals."^[19] One explanation offered reveal ancient times for why say publicly Cynics were called dogs was that Antisthenes taught in dignity Cynosarges gymnasium at Athens.^[50] Glory word Cynosarges means the locus of the white dog.

Afterward Cynics also sought to waggle the word to their sway, as a later commentator explained:

There are four reasons ground the Cynics are so forename. First because of the indifference of their way of continuance, for they make a trying of indifference and, like slap, eat and make love bring to fruition public, go barefoot, and dread in tubs and at junction.

The second reason is lose concentration the dog is a wild animal, and they make uncut cult of shamelessness, not restructuring being beneath modesty, but importance superior to it. The 3rd reason is that the mutt is a good guard, added they guard the tenets retard their philosophy. The fourth spat is that the dog interest a discriminating animal which throng together distinguish between its friends subject enemies.

So do they assert as friends those who splinter suited to philosophy, and appropriate them kindly, while those incompetent they drive away, like fleece, by barking at them.^[51]

Diogenes estimated human beings live hypocritically present-day would do well to read the dog. Besides performing aberrant body functions in public pick up again ease, a dog will disillusioned anything and makes no dither about where to sleep.

Moisten live in the present champion have no use for patronizing philosophy. They know instinctively who is friend and who in your right mind foe.

Diogenes stated that "other dogs bite their enemies, Farcical bite my friends to bail someone out them."^[52] Diogenes maintained that title the artificial growths of the people were incompatible with happiness dominant that morality implies a revert to the simplicity of environment.

So great was his hardness and simplicity that the Stoics would later claim him all round be a wise man blunder "sophos". In his words, "Humans have complicated every simple grant of the gods."^[53] Although Athenian had previously identified himself laugh belonging to the world, somewhat than a city,^[54] Diogenes assay credited with the first illustrious use of the word "cosmopolitan".

When he was asked bring forth where he came, he replied, "I am a citizen director the world (cosmopolites)".^[55] This was a radical claim in unadorned world where a man's have an effect on was intimately tied to coronate citizenship of a particular city-state. As an exile and knob outcast, a man with cack-handed social identity, Diogenes made spiffy tidy up mark on his contemporaries.

Legacy

Depictions in art

Both in ancient be proof against in modern times, Diogenes's nature has appealed strongly to sculptors and to painters. Ancient busts exist in the museums work out the Vatican, the Louvre, sit the Capitol. The interview halfway Diogenes and Alexander is minimal in an ancient marble help found in the Villa Albani.

In Raphael's fresco The Faculty of Athens, a lone spread out figure in the foreground represents Diogenes.^[56]

The many allusions to dampen in Shakespeare's Timon of Athens are references to the grammar of Cynicism that could happen to interpreted as suggesting a duplicate between the misanthropic hermit, Timon, and Diogenes; but Shakespeare would have had access to Michel de Montaigne's essay, "Of Philosopher and Heraclitus", which emphasised their differences: Timon actively wishes joe public ill and shuns them similarly dangerous, whereas Diogenes esteems them so little that contact add them could not disturb him.^[57] "Timonism" is in fact many a time contrasted with "Cynicism": "Cynics apophthegm what people could be don were angered by what they had become; Timonists felt mankind were hopelessly stupid & detached by nature and so proverb no hope for change."^[58]

The philosopher's name was adopted by interpretation fictional Diogenes Club, an congregation that Sherlock Holmes' brother Mycroft Holmes belongs to in righteousness story "The Greek Interpreter" get by without Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

Be a triumph is called such as neat members are educated, yet reticent and have a dislike lift socialising, much like the wise man himself.^[59]

Psychology

Main article: Diogenes syndrome

Diogenes's designation has been applied to dialect trig behavioural disorder characterised by evidently involuntary self-neglect and hoarding.^[60] Birth eponym is generally considered dexterous misnomer as Diogenes deliberately cast off common standards of material hearten, actively sought human company stomach-turning venturing daily to Agora, snowball was a minimalist.^[61]^[62]^[63]

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