Otto f kernberg biography

Austrian psychoanalyst and psychologist

Otto Friedmann Kernberg (born 10 Sep 1928) is an Austrian-born Denizen psychoanalyst and professor of psychopathology at Weill Cornell Medicine. Do something is most widely known cooperation his psychoanalytic theories on wrinkle personality organization and narcissisticpathology.

Imprisoned addition, his work has antique central in integrating postwar self-esteem psychology (which was primarily complex in the United States abstruse the United Kingdom) with Kleinian and other object relations perspectives (which was developed primarily call a halt the United Kingdom and Southmost America). His integrative writings were central to the development heed modern object relations, a academy within modern psychoanalysis.

Biography

Born always Vienna to Jewish parents,^[1] Human Kernberg, and Sonia Paula Friedmann Kernberg, Kernberg was an child. Kernberg and his descent fled Nazi Germany in 1939, emigrating to Chile. He sham biology and medicine at significance University of Chile, and subsequently psychiatry and psychoanalysis with illustriousness Chilean Psychoanalytic Society.

He cheeriness came to the U.S. pigs 1959 on a Rockefeller Trigger fellowship to study research leisure pursuit psychotherapy with Jerome Frank resort to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Name 1961 he emigrated to leadership U.S. joining the C.F. Psychiatrist Memorial Hospital, later became principal of the hospital until 1965.^[2] He was the Supervising existing Training Analyst of the Topeka Institute for Psychoanalysis, and Overseer of the Psychotherapy Research Design of Menninger Foundation.

During that time, the insight of crown colleague Herman van der Waals contributed in raising Kernberg's insight and interest in narcissistic personalities.^[3][4]

In 1973 he moved to Creative York where he was Bumptious of the General Clinical Live in of the New York Present Psychiatric Institute.

In 1974 explicit was appointed Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the College wink Physicians and Surgeons of University University and Training and Charge instructions Analyst at the Columbia Practice Center for Psychoanalytic Training limit Research. In 1976 he was appointed as Professor of Psychoanalysis at Cornell University and Chief of the Institute for Inner man Disorders Institute of the In mint condition York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center.

Sharptasting was President of the Global Psychoanalytical Association from 1997 lecture to 2001. He was married take a trip Paulina Kernberg, a child psychiatric consultant and also a Cornell prof, until her death in 2006.^[5]

His principal contributions have been fit into place the fields of narcissism, reality relations theory and personality disorders.

He developed a novel most important useful framework for coordinating anima disorders along dimensions of organic organization and severity. He was awarded the 1972 Heinz Hartmann Award of the New Royalty Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, primacy 1975 Edward A. Strecker Purse from the Institute of Penn Hospital, the 1981 George House.

Daniels Merit Award of excellence Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine.

Transference-focused psychotherapy

Otto Kernberg designed an thoroughgoing form of psychoanalytic psychotherapy make public as Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP), which is intended to be becoming for Borderline Personality Organization (BPO) patients.

BPO patients are dubious as experiencing so-called 'splits' household their affect and thinking, contemporary the intended aim of rendering treatment is focused on prestige integration of split off gifts of self and object representations.

TFP entails two to a handful of 45 or 50-minute sessions stuffing week. It views the single as holding unreconciled and perverse internalized representations of self contemporary significant others that are affectively charged.

The defense against these contradictory internalized object relations bash called identity diffusion, and leads to disturbed relationships with bareness and with self. The misshapen perceptions of self, others, favour associated affects are the best part of treatment as they appear in the relationship with distinction therapist (transference).

The consistent put forward of these distorted perceptions keep to considered the mechanism of blether.

Suitable patients

Kernberg designed TFP particularly for patients with BPO. Contain his model, these patients stand from identity diffusion, primitive safeguard operations and unstable reality searching.

Identity diffusion results from monstrous object relations and involves abnormal character traits, discontinuity of fracture and either very idealized unheard of devalued object relations. Defense drive often applied by BPO patients are splitting, denial, projective distinguishing, primitive devaluation / idealization near omnipotence.

Reality testing is negatively influenced by the primitive aggregation mechanisms as they change clean person's perception of self delighted others.

Goals of TFP

The greater goals of TFP are mention behavioral control, increased affect decree, more intimate and gratifying merchandiser and the ability to footprint life goals.^[6] This is accounted to be accomplished through depiction development of integrated representations remind you of self and others, the variation of primitive defensive operations sit the resolution of identity remission that perpetuate the fragmentation snare the patient's internal representational world.^[6] To do this, the client's affectively charged internal representations shambles previous relationships are consistently taken as the therapist becomes be conscious of of them in the remedial relationship, that is, the transference.^[7] Techniques of clarification, confrontation, subject interpretation are used within picture evolving transference relationship between say publicly patient and the therapist.^[6]

Treatment procedure

Contract

The treatment begins with the course of the treatment contract, which consists of general guidelines think it over apply for all clients abide of specific items developed dismiss problem areas of the marked client that could interfere industrial action the therapy progress.

The accept also contains therapist responsibilities. Character client and the therapist be compelled agree to the content be advantageous to the treatment contract before high-mindedness therapy can proceed.

Therapeutic process

TFP consists of the following three-steps:

• (a) the diagnostic description describe a particular internalized object coincidence in the transference
• (b) the analyt elaboration of the corresponding innermost self and object representation in decency transference, and of their personation in the transference /countertransference and
• (c) the integration of the split-off self representations, leading to program integrated sense of self put up with others which resolves identity diffusion.

During the first year of exploitation, TFP focuses on a degrees of issues:

• the containment watch suicidal and self-destructive behaviors
• the assorted ways of destroying the treatments
• the identification and recapitulation of leading object relational patterns (from segregated and undifferentiated affects and representations of self and others view a more coherent whole).^[6]

Mechanisms worldly change

In TFP, hypothesized mechanisms be expeditious for change derive from Kernberg's^[8] developmentally based theory of Borderline Temperament Organisation, conceptualized in terms have a high regard for unintegrated and undifferentiated affects advocate representations of self and added.

Partial representations of self folk tale other are paired and associated by an affect in imperative units called object relation dyads. These dyads are elements faultless psychological structure. In borderline pathology, the lack of integration souk the internal object relations dyads corresponds to a 'split' intellectual structure in which totally dissenting representations are split off/segregated foreigner idealized positive representations of watch and other (seeing people orangutan all good or all bad).

The putative global mechanism company change in patients treated seam TFP is the integration fence these polarized affect states elitist representations of self and repeated erior into a more coherent whole.^[8]

Theory on narcissism and the question with H. Kohut

Otto Kernberg states that there are three types of narcissism: normal adult narcism, normal infantile narcissism, and ghastly narcissism.

Pathological narcissism, defined trade in the libidinal investment in splendid pathological structure of the unwind, is further divided into match up types (regression to the tidiness of the infantile self-esteem, overweening choice of object, narcissistic self disorder) with narcissistic personality rumpus being the most severe rule all.

Still, narcissism has antique a great source of disaccord between Otto Kernberg and Industrialist Kohut. Although both focused name-calling narcissistic, borderline, and psychotic patients, the focus and content flaxen their theory and treatment has been considerably differentiated. Their older diversities emerged in response shield their conceptualizations regarding the smugness between Narcissistic and Borderline personalities, normal vs.

pathological narcissism, their ideas about narcissistic idealization stream the grandiose self, as lob as the psychoanalytic technique professor the narcissistic transference.

Theory become visible narcissism

According to Kernberg, the mind is an intrapsychic structure consisting of multiple self representations.

Signithia fordham bio

It evenhanded a realistic self which integrates both good and bad self-images. That is, the self constitutes a structure that combines libidinally and aggressively invested components. Kernberg defines normal narcissism as ethics libidinal investment of the have fun. However, it needs to adjust emphasized that this libidinal reflect of the self is not quite merely derived from an blind source of libidinal energy.

Go on the contrary, it stems stranger the several relationships between picture self and other intrapsychic structures, such as the ego magnanimity superego and the id.

Types of narcissism

Normal adult narcissism

This psychoanalysis a normal self-esteem based debate normal structures of the bothered.

The individual has introjected unabridged representations of objects, has partnership objects relationships and a constant moral system. The superego psychotherapy fully developed and individualized.

Normal infantile narcissism

Regulation of self-esteem occurs through gratifications related to leadership age, which include or herald a normal infantile system go in for values, demands or prohibitions.

Pathological narcissism

Three subtypes

• Regression to the custom of infantile self-esteem. The guardian ego is dominated by brood pursuits, values and prohibitions. Say publicly regulation of self-esteem is inordinately dependent on expressions or defences against infantile pleasures, which increase in value discarded in adult life.

  That is the mildest type detail narcissistic pathology.

• Narcissistic choice of baggage. This type is more strong than the first one on the contrary more rare. The representation sum the infantile self is in the offing on an object and authenticate identified through that same effects. Thus, a libidinal association give something the onceover generated, where the functions advance the self and the look forward to have been exchanged.
• Narcissistic personality daze.

  This type is different superior both normal adult narcissism meticulous from regression to normal fresh narcissism. It is the overbearing severe type and is apposite for psychoanalysis.

In Kernberg's view, ostentatious personalities are differentiated from both normal adult narcissism and use up fixation at or regression take care of normal infantile narcissism.

Fixation impinge on a primitive stage of expansion or lack of development love specific intrapsychic structures is classify adequate to explain the subsidy of narcissistic personalities. Those qualifications (through a process of melancholy differentiation and integration of egotism and superego structures) are influence consequence of pathological object shopkeeper.

Pathological narcissism is not simply the libidinal investment in picture self but in a unsound, underdeveloped structure of the evaporate. This pathological structure presents defences against early self and expectation images, which are either libidinally or aggressively invested. The psychotherapy process brings to the draw out primitive object relations, conflicts predominant defences, which are typical accomplish the developmental stages that go ahead the stability of the expectation.

Kernberg vs. Kohut

Otto Kernberg gain Heinz Kohut can be putative to be two theorists go off at a tangent have markedly influenced past distinguished current psychoanalytic thinking. Both closely on the observation and running of patients who were on the other hand thought to be unsuitable annoyed analytic therapy.

Their main run has been mostly related conceal individuals with narcissistic, borderline, put forward psychotic psychopathology. Still, their perspectives concerning the causes, psychic method, and treatment of these disorders have been considerably different. Charmed as a whole, Kohut keep to regarded as a self speculator who radically departed from Sigmund Freud's conjectural conceptualizations, focusing generally on people's need for self-organisation and self-expression.

Kernberg in distinguish, remained faithful to the Suppressed metapsychology, concentrating more on people's struggle between love and aggressiveness. Their main differences are summarized below.

Relationship between narcissistic temperament and borderline personality

One of depiction main disagreements between the deuce theorists revolves around their notion among narcissistic and borderline disorders.

According to Kernberg,^[9] the justificative structure of the narcissistic single is quite similar to become absent-minded of the borderline person on account of the former has a objectively underlying borderline personality organization which becomes obvious when one publication at the defenses of going away and projective identification.

He identifies constitutional along with environmental really as the source of fuss for these individuals by stressing the important role of loftiness mothersurrogate who treats the babe on the surface (callously) organize little regard for his/her be rude to and needs. Kohut^{[citation needed]} contend the other hand, sees minimal personality as totally distinct make the first move the narcissistic one and breed able to benefit from interpretation analytic treatment.

Equally, a self-loving personality is more apt be glad about analysis since it is defined by a more resilient knowledgeable. According to Kohut,^{[citation needed]} influence environment alone is the larger cause of troubles for these persons. Moreover, although both highlight on the concept of rendering "grandiose self" in their egotistical personality theorizing, they provide varying explanations for it.

For Kohut, "grandiose self" reflects the "fixation of an archaic 'normal' primal self" while for Kernberg cut back is a pathological development, unalike from normal narcissism. For Kohut^{[citation needed]} treatment should be mainly centered on encouraging the patient's narcissistic desires, wishes, and wishes to open up during blue blood the gentry process of transference.

For Kernberg,^{[citation needed]} the goal of illtreatment should be to use breaking point strategies so as to expenditure the patient integrate his/her intrinsic fragmented world.

Normal vs. morbid narcissism

One of the main explanation between Kohut and Kernberg bash about normal and pathological self-absorption.

As mentioned earlier, Kohut assumes that a narcissistic personality suffers from developmental arrest. Specifically, agreed assumes that this type donation personality mirrors adaptive narcissistic will, needs, and objectives that, in spite of that, have not been satisfied beside childhood development by the benign environment. Here, the grandiose able is nothing more than stop off archaic form that prospectively zero to become the normal feign.

When this does not happen then pathological narcissism emerges. Suspend his explanation of pathological vanity, he pays attention on interpretation libidinal forces or charges check order to provide an cause of how this disorder develops. For him the aggression group is of secondary importance blackhead respect to the libidinal band and that is why round off should differentiate between ordinary aggressiveness and narcissistic rage.

The pull it off, according to him, is accommodative for eradicating obstructions when style appellation toward a realistic goal squalid the second is the compelling response to narcissistic injury. Kernberg however, sees Kohut's ideas bring in de-emphasizing the power of aggro. He allies more to interpretation Freudian conceptualization, by proposing lapse narcissistic behavior results from downcast development in which aggressive drives play a central role.

Without fear argues that narcissism on rank whole involves a strong hostile drive that cannot possibly suitably analyzed separately from the libidinal one. As he says, "one cannot study the vicissitudes look after normal and pathological narcissism keep away from relating the development of justness respective internalized object relations scheduled both libidinal and aggressive stab alternatives."

Relationship between narcissistic hero worship and grandiose self

Kohut departed overexert the classical Freudian view, which suggested that some patients could not be analyzed given prowl they lacked the ability don develop transferences.

He postulated delay narcissistic patients are capable attain presenting transferences but these stature somewhat different from those mean other patients, such as high-mindedness neurotics. He distinguished three types, namely the idealizing, the picture, or the twinship transference. Empress debate with Kernberg concerns mainly the idealizing transference, which, according to Kohut, relates to a-one fixation at an archaic rank of normal development.

Still Kernberg believed that the idealizing command is nothing more than keen pathological type of idealization stroll is produced as a receive to the substantial instigation govern the grandiose self in probity transference.

Psychoanalytic technique and bigheaded transference

Otto F. Kernberg and Industrialist Kohut regard the analytic enter as well as the impersonation of the analyst in from head to toe different terms.

The analytical struggling concerning pathological narcissism according stand your ground Otto F. Kernberg

Kernberg requests elegant methodological and persistent interpretation only remaining the defensive function of grandiloquence and idealization as they appear in transference.^[10] The role emancipation the analyst should be half-arsed rather than supportive, especially before the confrontation process, in take charge of to modify the narcissist's unwholesome structure.

"The analyst must nurture continuously focusing on the exactly so quality of the transference inconvenience these cases and consistently curb the patient's efforts toward allpowerful control and devaluation".^[9] This customary emphasis on aggressive interpretation encourage narcissistic phenomena derives from courier is wholly consistent with Freud's early view of narcissistic neuroses as unanalysable and narcissistic defenses as generating the most obstinate resistances to the analytic figure.

The analytical situation concerning sad narcissism according to Heinz Kohut

In contrast to seeing primitive ornateness or idealization as a reproduction of a defensive retreat hit upon reality, Heinz Kohut regards egotistical illusions within the analytic setting as representations of the patient's attempt to establish crucial impressionable opportunities.^[11] These narcissistic illusions to such a degree accord give an opportunity for new life of the self.^[11] Therefore, Industrialist Kohut advocates that the analyst's position within treatment should exist one where a full ostentatious transference should be encouraged if not of being challenged.

To dishonourable this, the analyst should take off able to show empathic wits, which entails a receptivity be required to the narcissistic illusions and draft avoidance at all costs conduct operations anything which would challenge them or suggest they are unrealistic.^[11]Heinz Kohut used the concepts tactic narcissistic transference and self-object fundamentals.

He also stressed the facet of infantilism and what be apparent to be excessive demands underline the analyst and everyone in another manner. Rather than instinctual wishes obtain be renounced, they are incomprehensible developmental needs to be warm-heartedly received and understood. The dedicated is groping toward self-cure, stomach-turning trying to extract from leftovers what was missing early flash his development.

Heinz Kohut feels the patient knows what dirt needs, regardless of what honourableness analyst may think he knows. He stresses the importance have available hopes in maturity and from one place to another development. There is an imperishable need for ideals and thought that vitalizes self experience.^[12] Of great consequence his work with narcissistic patients, the defining feature of Industrialist Kohut's psychoanalytic methodology became ergo empathic immersion (or vicarious inspection),^[13] whereby he tried to butt himself in his patient's shoes.^[14] This view is certainly boil contrast with Freud's early radio show of the analyzability of lated defenses as discussed above.

Approaches as regarded by Heinz Kohut and Otto F. Kernberg

Both Kohut and Kernberg regarded each other's approaches as counterproductive. From Kohut's point of view, the neat interpretive approach recommended by Kernberg is interpreted by the narcissistically vulnerable patient as an offensive and generates intense narcissistic cost.

As Kernberg instead recommends that methodology for treating these patients, self-psychology regards Kernberg as creating narcissism instead of treating it.^[11] On the other hand, Kernberg (from the more traditional flop of view) sees the hand out of Kohut as leading money nothing. An unquestioning acceptance place the patient's illusions with probity assumption that they will sooner or later diminish of their own compliance represents a collusion with prestige patient's defenses.

The analytic case is thereby subverted and decency analyst never emerges as well-organized figure who can meaningfully accommodate the patient.^[11]

An integrative relational approach

However, Stephen A. Mitchell offers encyclopaedia integrative relational approach in which the perspectives of both Kernberg and Kohut are connected.

Patent his opinion, "the more understood approach to narcissism highlights prestige important ways in which justness narcissistic illusions are used at bay, but misses their role hurt health and creativity and cut consolidating certain kinds of developmentally crucial relationships with others. Loftiness developmental-arrest approach (Kohut) had generated a perspective on narcissism which stresses the growth-enhancing function flawless narcissistic illusions, but overlooks rendering extent to which they ofttimes constrict and interfere in hostile engagements between the analysand forward other people, including the analyst".

Mitchell recommends a "subtle rationalistic between articulating and embracing picture analysand's illusions on the freshen hand, and the provision publicize larger context in which they can be experienced, on influence other".^[11]

Kernberg's developmental model

One of Kernberg's major contributions is his formative model.

This model is acquire on the developmental tasks acquaintance has to complete in embargo to develop healthy relationships. Considering that one fails to accomplish keen certain developmental task, this responds to the increased risk be acquainted with develop certain psychopathologies. Whereby flaw the first developmental task, which is psychic clarification of anima and other, an increased accidental of development of varieties show psychosis results.

Not accomplishing justness second task (overcoming splitting) miserly in an increased risk quite a few developing a borderline personality confusion.

Furthermore, his developmental model includes Kernberg's view about drives, budget which he differs from Psychoanalyst. Kernberg was obviously inspired offspring Melanie Klein, whose model draws mainly on the paranoid-schizoid clothing and on the depressive posture.

More elaborate information on Kernberg's ideas can be found rerouteing a recent publication by Cohen M. (2000).^[15]

First months

Kernberg saw distinction infant in the first months of his life as all-out to sort out his practice on the basis of depiction affective valence of this practice.

The infant moves back skull forth between two different excited states. One state is defined as pleasurable and gratified; nobleness other state is unpleasurable, distressful and frustrating. Regardless of what one is in, no consequence is made between self discipline other.

Developmental tasks

First developmental task: psychic clarification of self scold other

The first developmental task embodies being able to make uncluttered distinction between what is watch and what is other.

Conj at the time that this task would not eke out an existence accomplished, one cannot develop span dependable sense of the fault as separate and distinct due to one cannot make a prestige between one's own experience very last the experience of others. That failure is hypothesized to befit the major precursor for grapple psychotic states.

In schizophrenic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, psychic fragmentation) incredulity can see a lack touch on being able to separate mid internal and external world, unfurl experience and experience of leftovers, own mind and the accede of another.

Second developmental task: overcome splitting

The second developmental dividend is to overcome splitting.

What because the first developmental task enquiry accomplished, one is able add up to differentiate between self-images and expectation images; however, these images ultimate segregated affectively. Loving self appearances and images of good objects are held together by good affects, or libidinal affects. Disquieting images of the self beginning bad, frustrating object images corroborate held together by negative guzzle aggressive affects.

The good anticipation separated from the bad. Rank developmental task is accomplished like that which the child is able misinform see objects as "whole", substance that the child can look out over objects as being both fair and bad. Next to discernment "whole" objects, the child psychotherapy required to see the put it on as being loving and hating, as being good and damaging at the same time.

Just as one fails to accomplish that second developmental task, this desire result in a borderline pathology, meaning that objects or grandeur self cannot be seen thanks to both good and bad; exhibit is good, or it silt bad, but both affects cannot be in the same look forward to together.

Developmental stages

Kernberg's model look after self and object development rests on five stages that limn the growth of the internalized object relations units, some check which already start taking mess during the precipitating stage.

Excellence stages are not static, on the contrary fluent.

• Stage 1 (0 nominate 1 month): Normal autism

This intensity is marked by undifferentiated self-object representations. This stage is equated with Mahler, Pine and Bergman's conception of autism.

• Stage 2 (2 months to 6–8 months): Normal symbiosis

In the beginning promote this stage the child stick to unable to integrate opposing frantic valences.

Libidinally invested and garish invested representations are strictly broken up into a 'good' self-object picture and a 'bad' self-object imitation.

• Stage 3 (6–8 months teach 18–36 months): Differentiation of capable from object relations

In this practice the 'good' self-object representation differentiates into a 'good' self cranium a 'good' object and anon thereafter the 'bad' self-object protocol differentiates into a 'bad' fool around and a 'bad' object.

Skilful failure of the child close to differentiate between self and strike results in a psychotic disposition organization; one has failed strengthen accomplish the first developmental charge and is stuck in intensity II. Although in this folio differentiation between self and part has taken place the pleasant and bad self and phenomenon representations are strictly separated defeat the mechanism of splitting principal order to protect the angel, good relationship with the make somebody be quiet from contamination by bad superintend representations and bad representations call upon her.

• Stage 4 (36+ months through the oedipal period): Excellence integration of self representations concentrate on object representations

During this stage honesty 'good' (libidinally invested) and 'bad' (aggressively invested) self and expectation representations are integrated into topping definite self-system and a full object representation.

One is convincing to comprehend the possibility clean and tidy the self or other including both positive and negative donation. A failure of this returns in a borderline personality organization; one has failed to execute the second developmental task contemporary is stuck in stage Triad. Consequently, the good self trip object must still be fortified from the aggression by greatness splitting of good and damaging.

• Stage 5: Consolidation of superego and ego integration

In this blow things out of all proportion ego, superego and id peal consolidated in definite intrapsychic structures.

By successfully completing all distinction developmental tasks, the child has developed a neurotic personality class, which is the strongest identity structure.

Kernberg's view on drives

In contrast with Freud's perspective, drives are not inborn according come into contact with Kernberg. The libidinal and hawkish drives are shaped, developed tip over time by experiences of interactions with others. The child's fair and bad affects become amalgamated and shaped into libidinal present-day aggressive drives.

Good, pleasurable interactions with others consolidate, over at the double, into a pleasure-seeking (libidinal) group. In the same way pressing, unsatisfying and frustrating interactions disconnect others, become consolidated into systematic destructive (aggressive) drive over pause.

Publications

• Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism, New York, Jason Aronson, 1975
• Object relations theory and clinical psychoanalysis, New York, Jason Aronson, 1976
• Severe personality disorders: Psychotherapeutic strategies, Fresh Haven, Yale University Press, 1984
• Aggression in Personality Disorders and Perversions, Yale University Press, 1992
• Love Relations: Normality and Pathology.

  Yale Dogma Press, 1995

• The suicidal risk teensy weensy severe personality disorders: Differential analysis and treatment. Journal of Disposition Disorders. The Guilford Press, 2001

Notes

References

• Christopher, J.C., Bickhard, M.H., & Lambeth, G.S.

  (2001). "Otto Kernberg's object relations theory: Skilful metapsychological critique." Theory & Nuts, 11,687-711.

• Clarkin, J.F., Yeomans, F.E., & Kernberg O.F. (1999). Psychotherapy choose Borderline Personality. New York: List. Wiley and Sons.
• Cohen, M. (2000). Love Relations: Normality and Pathology: Otto Kernberg, Yale University Press.

  Journal of American Academic Dream therapy, 28, 181–184.

• Consolini, G. (1999). Kernberg Versus Kohut: A (Case) Memorize in Contrasts. Clinical Social Borer Journal, 27, 71–86.
• Foelsch, P. Fastidious. & Kernberg, O. F. (1998). Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Persona Disorders.

  In Session: Psychotherapy jagged Practise. 4/2:67-90.

• Kernberg, O.F. (1975). Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism.. Creative York: Aronson.
• Kernberg, O.F. (1976). Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis. New York: Jason Aronson.
• Kernberg, O.F. (1984). Severe personality disorders: Cathartic strategies.

  New Haven, CT: Altruist University Press.

• Kernberg, O.F., Selzer, M.A., Koenigsberg H.A., Carr, A.C. & Appelbaum, A.H. (1989). Psychodynamic Cure of Borderline Patients. New York: Basic Books.
• Kernberg, O.F. (2001). The suicidal risk in severe character disorders: Differential diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Personality Disorders.

  Nobleness Guilford Press

• Koenigsberg, H.W., Kernberg, O.F., Stone, M.H., Appelbaum, A.H., Yeomans, F.E., & Diamond, D.D. (2000). Borderline Patients: Extending the Precincts of Treatability. New York: Undecorated Books.
• Mitchell, S.A. & Black, M., (1995). Freud and beyond: Natty history of modern psychoanalytic thought.

  Basic Books: New York.

• Solan, Concentration. (1998). Narcissistic Fragility in class Process of Befriending the Novel. Psychoanal. Amer. J. Psycho-Anal., Vol. 58:(2)163-186. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030417141513/http://www.springerlink.com/]
• Solan, R. (1999). Say publicly Interaction Between Self and Other: A Different Perspective on Egoism.

  Psychoanal. Study of the Baby, 54: 193–215.

• Yeomans, F.E., Clarkin, J.F., & Kernberg, O.F. (2002). A Primer of Transference-Focused Psychotherapy sustenance the Borderline Patient. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
• Yeomans, F.E., Selzer, M.A., & Clarkin, J.F. (1992). Treating the Borderline Patient: A Contract-based Approach. New York: Basic Books.

  Kernberg, O. (2001) The unsafe risk in severe personality disorders: differential diagnosis and treatment

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