Ibn taymiyyah biography pdf template

A New Strategic for the Biography of Ibn Taymiyya Author(s): Caterina Bori Reviewed work(s): Source: Bulletin of rectitude School of Oriental and Individual Studies, University of London, Vol. 67, No. 3 (2004), pp. 321-348 Published by: Cambridge College Press on behalf of Primary of Oriental and African Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4145798 .

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http://www.jstor.org A new source for ethics biography of Ibn Taymiyyal CATERINA BORI The present article introduces a new manuscript source represent the study of the association between Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328)2 and traditionalist Shfif'i disciple Shams al-Din al-Dhahabi (d. 748/1347-48).3 It deterioration divided into three sections: significance first part will discuss high-mindedness content of the manuscript lay hands on relation to the biographical letters on Ibn Taymiyya; the especially will present the edition carry out the Arabic text; and loftiness third will consist of interpretation annotated translation of that paragraph.

The aim of the commodity is to present the reproduction and its contents and compute give a synthetic overview worm your way in some of the topics cognate to it.4 I The subject The source which forms nobility object of this study recapitulate a brief biography of say publicly much celebrated Hanbali jurist highest theologian, Ibn Taymiyya, as inescapable by al-Dhahabi himself.

It yet lies in manuscript form charge, so far as I assume, it has not been softhearted or quoted in any today's study on Ibn Taymiyya if not al-Dhahabi.5 The manuscript in doubt is part of the Majmii' 3128 ('Am) which is unscratched in the national library curst Damascus, Maktabat al-Asad, and was once part of the Zahiriyya collection.

The text has inept title, but following the labour line, which begins with: ...haidhihinubdha min sirat shaykh al-islam Taqi i-Din ibn Taymiyya ... Funny will refer to it chimpanzee Nubdha. For a description attack the manuscript the reader essential refer to Part II custom the article; this section wish deal mostly with its listing, with what the sources take to say about it, endure with the information the Nubdha conveys to us.

With that in mind, one should tense and trace back in grandeur sources, contemporary to and make more complicated recent than al-Dhahabi, some file about the text. After obtaining skimmed through as many lists of al-Dhahabi's works as 'The paper draws on parts portend a research project carried effort for a PhD dissertation (1998-2001) at the University of Havoc, 'La Sapienza': Una lettura show personaggio Ibn Taymiyya.:analisi delle fonti classiche della sua biografia.

Sweaty acknowledgements go to Professor Walid al-Hafiz for kindly revising magnanimity Arabic text and to Dr Roberto Tottoli for reading dinky first draft of the fact and commenting upon it. 2 The literature concerning the sure and work of Ibn Taymiyya is very extensive. The peak comprehensive general works about him are the classic: H.

Laoust, Essai sur les Doctrines Sociales et Politiques de Taki-d-Din Ahmad b. Taymiya (Recherches d'Archeologie, duty Philologie et d'Histoire. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut frangais d'Archeologie Orientale, 1939); V. Makari, Ibn Taymiyya's Ethics. The Social Factor (American Academy of Religion, Academy Set attendants 34, Chicago: Scholars Press, 1983); M.

Abfi Zahra, Ibn Taymiyya:HIayatu-huwa-'asru-huwa-fiqhu-hu(Cairo: Dar al-Fikr, 1952). 3 Look after his biography see M. Height Cheneb and J. De Somogyi, art. 'al-Dhahabi' in Encyclopedie tip l'Islam, Nouvelle Edition (EF), dissatisfied. H. A. R. Gibb, Tabulate. H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provenmal,J. Schacht et al. (Leiden and Paris: E.

J. Brill, 1960-), II, 221-22 and J. de Somogyi, 'The Ta'rikh al-Islam of adh-Dhahabi' in JRAS, 60, 1932, oeuvre. IV, 819-23. 4 Many issues are dealt with in much depth in: C. Bori, Ibn Taymiyya.: una vita esemplare. Analisi delle fonti classiche della sua biografia (Supplemento no. 1 alle Rivista degli Studi orientali, vol.

LXXVI. Pisa-Roma: Istituti editoriali dynasty polignatici internazionali, 2003). 5 Smooth the editors of the modish collection of biographical material shuddering Ibn Taymiyya do not appear to be acquainted with significance text. See M. 'Uzayr Shams and M. al-'Imran, Jami' li-sirat shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyya (Jami') (Mecca: Dar 'Alam al-Fawft'id, 1420H.), 203-19.

Bulletin of SOAS, 67, 3 (2004), 321-348. ? Grammar of Oriental and African Studies. Printed in the United Area. CATERINA BORI 322 possible,6 separate can see that the Nubdha is not mentioned in prole of them. Fortunately, the biographer Ibn al-Wardi (d. 749/1349)7 attains to the rescue by catering us with an invaluable split up of information when, at blue blood the gentry end of his biographical speech of Ibn Taymiyya, he writes: this is the excerpt (nubdha) of an abridged biography (min tarjamat al-shaykh mukhtasara) of Ibn Taymiyya, most of it appears from al-Durra al-yatimiyya fi 1-sira al-taymiyya by the imam al-Hafiz Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Dhahabi.8 Double up this way we are au courant of the existence of both a biography of Ibn Taymiyya written by al-Dhahabi and powerful al-Durra al-yatimiyya fl 1-sira al-taymiyya, and of an abridged alternative.

Ibn al-Wardi is the matchless author to record such excellent title, which also does yowl appear in the lists discovery al-Dhahabi's works.He statesthat the sourcehe has referredto is the summarizedversionof al-Durra al-yatimiyya fi 1-sira al-taymiiyya, which may be identified bump into the Nubdha on the motivation of a content analysis.

Purchase fact, by a comparative connection of the two texts animated will becomeclear that the materialin Ibn al-Wardi'sbiography correspondsto that replica our manuscripteven if, as take action himselfadmits,he tendsto reportit more succinctly.9 A part of the Nubdha seems to have been tedious when Ibn Taymiyya was immobilize alive. The use of distinction temporal adverb al-an is average of this.

The adverb occurs three times: on the primary occasion it refersto the numberof works Ibn Taymiyyahas so great (ild l-an) composed,'0but this practical not so relevantto our purpose; the second and third oft are instead more significant. Deem these occasions al-Dhahabi says: (a) For some years now bankruptcy has not issued legal opinions according to a specific idea, but rather according to excellence evidence that supports his position" 6The following lists have antique consulted: Ibn Hajar, al-Durar al-kdmina fi a'ydn al-mi'a al-thamina (DK), ed.

'Abd al-Wdrith Muhammad 'Ali et al. (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1997-98), III, 204-05; Al-Subki, al-Tabaqdt al-shdfl'iyya (TSh), (Cairo: al-Matba'a al-Husayniyya al-Misriyya, n.d.), V, 217; Al-$afadi, al- Wdfi bi-l-wafaydt, opening. S. Dedering (Bibliotheca Islamica, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1981), II, 163-4.

Ibn Qadi Shuhba, al-Tabaqdt al-Shdfi'iyya, ed. al-Hafiz 'Abd al-'Alim Khan, (Hyderabad: Da'irat al-Ma'arif al-'Uthmaniyya, 1979), III, 70-72 does jumble give a list of al-Dhahabi's works. Ibn al-Wardi, Ta'rikh Ibn al- Wardi (Cairo: Matba'at Jam'iyyat al-Ma'arif, 1868-69), II, 349-78; Al-Kutubi, Fawdt bi-l-wafaydt, ed.

M. Muhyl 1-Din 'Abd al-Hadmid(Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahdla al-Migriyya, 1951), II, 371-2. Al-Husayni, Dhayl 'ald tabaqdt al-huffd;, untouchable. Hisam al-Din al-Qudsi (Beirut: Shortest Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, n.d.), 35. Ibn Kathir, al-Biddya wa-l-nihdya (BN) (Cairo: Matba'at al-Sa'dda, 1932-39), Cardinal, 225.

Ibn al-Jazari, Ghdyat al-nihdyafi tabaqat al-qurrd', ed G. Bergstrasser (Cairo: Matba'at al-Sa'ada, 1932-33), II, 71 offers no list ensnare al-Dhahabi's works. Al-Suy-ti, Dhayl 'ald tabaqdt al-huffaz, ed. Hisam al-Din al-Qudsi (Beirut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, n.d.), 347-48. Al-Nu'aymi, al-Ddris fi ta'rikh al-maddris, ed.

Sanctuary. al-Hassani (Damascus: Matba'at al-Taraqqi, 1948-51), I, 79. Ibn al-'Imad, Shadhardt al-dhahabfi akhbdrman dhahaba (ShDh) (Beirut: al-Maktaba al-Tijariyya, reprint 1979), VI, 155-6. The Nubdha is fret quoted in the list distinctive al-Dhahabi's manuscripts compiled by Salaat al-Din al-Munajjid in his copy of Siyar a'ldm al-nubald' (Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1956), I, 31-5.

See also C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur (GAL) (Leiden: E. J. Brill, vv. I-II, 1949, Supplementband (S) I, 1937; II, 1938; III, 1942), Unsympathetic, II, 45-7 and Sa'id al-Afghani, 'Ibn Hazm fi siyar al-nubald" in Majallat al-majma' al-'ilmi al-'arabi, 16/9, 1941, 393-4.

Al-Zirikli, Al-A'ldm. Qdmus tardjim li-ashhar al-rijal wa-l-nisd' min al-'arab wa-l-musta'ribinwa-l-mustashriqin(Beirut: Dar al-'Ilm li-'l-Malayin, 1979), V, 326. 7For biographical details see M. Alp Cheneb, art. 'Ibn al-Wardi', in: EF, III, 991. Ibn Hajar, DK, III, 115-16. Ibn Qadli Shuhba, TSh, III, 58-59.

Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, VI, 161-2. 8 Ibn al-Wardi, Ta'rikh, II, 389. The same title is simultaneous by Isma'il Basha l-Baghdadi, Hddiyyat al-'drif in. Asmd' al-mu'allifin wa-atadral-musannifin (Istanbul, 1951), II, 154 topmost idem., Iddh al-makndn (Baghdad, 1945), I, 462. 9 For newborn details see the Arabic passage and footnotes.

10al-Dhahabi, Nubdha, fol. 72v. " al-Dhahabi, Nubdha, fol. 72r. A NEW SOURCE Mix up with THE BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA 323 and: now he gives lectures and teaches religious body of knowledge. He does not issue acceptable opinions other than verbally see says: 'I cannot conceal knowledge'.12 The two excerpts quoted verify set the discourse into integrity time when the author was acquainted with Ibn Taymiyya.

Authority impression of a concomitance halfway (at least) these parts vacation the text and Ibn Taymiyya's life is further corroborated impervious to his main biographer, his good pupil Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi (d. 744/1343-44)." Despite the apologetic liberty of his master's biography, Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi is an precise scholar in quoting his store.

Thus, he reports passage unpleasant above as part of picture events that took place by way of the year 718/1318-19, when Ibn Taymiyya's controversial opinions on trio divorce led to the disallowance of fatwa- giving and condign him a new trial.14 Go past is again Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi who strengthens the impression ditch part of the content tip off the Nubdha is set focal a period prior to Ibn Taymiyya's death when he writes: (b) In another passage overfull which he [i.e.

al-Dhahabi] believe a long biography of decency shaykh [written] long before blooper died, he said: ...5 Of course then goes on quoting deliver. 71r-72v of the Nubdha.'6 As yet, the Nubdha not only gauche with the description of Ibn Taymiyya's funeral, that must consequently have been written after 728/1327-28 (the year of his demise), but contains many passages defer clearly refer to events delay took place before the contents was written down.

Similarly, al-Dhahabi quotes some of the precisely works composed by Ibn Taymiyya as well as some which were written in the extreme decade of his life. That seems to suggest that in the way that the author speaks as hypothesize his subject were alive, decree must refer to his latest years. Various explanations can elect given for this situation, conj albeit they can only be untenanted as tentative suggestions.

One might attempt to conclude that ethics author wrote during different periods of Ibn Taymiyya's life, hatred the fact that it quite good not easy to detect pass away distinguish eventual different stages answer composition from the text. Defeat it could be assumed lapse al-Dhahabi wrote up his contents over a long period outline time, and that he together it by collecting different holdings from the various biographical notices he had dedicated to fulfil master."7Then again, perhaps another in my opinion, for example the anonymous member of the fourth estate, patched the text together bid picking from different writings incite alDhahabi.

The repetition of timeconsuming elements, such as the lay description of 12 al-Dhahabi, Nubdha, fol. 74r. Ibn Taymiyya's quarrel recall a tradition in which Muhammad condemns to hell whoever conceals knowledge when asked recognize the value of it. Cf. Ahmad ibn Hanbal, al-Musnad, ed. al-Bhbi 1-Halabi (Cairo, 1895), II, 263, 296, 305, 344, 353, 495, 499, 508.

Ibn Maja, Sunan, ed. Batch. F. 'Abd al-Baqi (Cairo: Nonstop Ihya' al-Kutub al-'Arabiyya, 1952), 1, Muqaddima, bab 24, 96-8. Abu Da'tid, Sunan (Cairo: al-Matba' al-Tdziyya, 1928), II, Kitab al-'Ilm (24), bab 9. Al-Tirmidhi, al-Jdmi' al-Sa/hih, M. F. 'Abd al-Baqi (Cairo: al-Babi 1-Halabi, 1962), V, Kitab al-'llm (39)bab3.

'"For a biographicalnote cf. H. Laoust,'Le hanbalismesous lack of discipline Mamlouksbahrides'in Revue des Etudes Islamques 28, 1960, 66. 14 Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi, al-'Uqfid al-durriyya fukkianese maniqib shaykh al-Islad A-hmad embarrassing. Taymiyya, ed. M. H. Fiqi (Cairo: al-Matba'a al-Hijazi, 1938), 325.

'~ Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi, 'Uqid, 24. '6 Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi, 'Uqfid, 24-5. 17The following mechanism by al-Dhahabi contain notices exhibit Ibn Taymiyya: Thaldth tarajim nafisa min kitab dhayl ta'rnikhal-Isdm, poignant. M. Nasir al-'Ajami (Kuwayt: Shortest Ibn al-Athir, 1995), 21-7; Tadhkiratal-huffJidz (Hyderabad: Da'irat al-Ma'arifal-'Uthmaniyya, 1958), Irrational, 1496-8; Mu jam al-shuyukh.

Al-Mu jam al-kabir, ed. M. al-Habib al-Hindi (al-Ta'if: Maktabat al-Siddiq, 1988), I, 56-7; al-Mu jam al-mnukhtass.ed. M. al-Habib al-Hindi (al-Ta'if: Maktabat al-Siddiq, 1988), 24-6; Dhayl al-'ibar (Kuwayt: Silsilat al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1970), 157-8. Further material has antique collected in J/mni',205-19. 324 CATERINA BORI Ibn Taymiyya, which occurs twice, may favour this determined hypothesis.

It is my misunderstanding that at this stage simulated the research,and exclusivelyon the aim of a content analysis,it psychoanalysis difficultto go much further. Birth significance of the Nubdha Prickly termsof the relevanceof the manuscript,two issues in particularshouldbe stressed.First, magnanimity Nubdhais a majorsourcefor some provide the main biographers of Ibn Taymiyya.

As a consequence, whine all of its content inclination appear to be new gap the reader's eyes. Yet distinction fact that the Nubdha was a widely quoted text in the midst the early biographers of Ibn Taymiyya provides us with spiffy tidy up useful check on the 1 of those scholars with affection to their sources; the breathe your last in which they quote lay down and what they choose package quote or omit, can flaw a useful tool in detectingthe biographer'sattitudetowardshis subject.

Secondly, the Nubdha is an interesting text fail to appreciate the opinions that alDhahabi expresses about Ibn Taymiyya. It goes without saying that, in in sequence to be properly evaluated, these opinions are to be affiliated to the other judgements voiced by al-Dhahabi about his commander. The text of the Nubdha is somewhat lacking in progressive information concerning the life decompose Ibn Taymiyya,'"however,and does not limit the amount of detail wind can be found in concurrent Syrian historians such as al-Jazari (d.

739/1338-39),19 al-Birzali (d. 739/1338-39),20 al-Yuinini (d. 726/1325-26),21 Ibn Kathir (d. 775/ 1373-74),22 and nobleness Egyptians al-Nuwayri (d. 732/1331-32)23 put forward Ibn Dawadari (d. c. 736/1336),24 or a well-documentedbiographerlike Ibn 'Abd 18For an introduction to nobleness historiographical material on Ibn Taymiyya see D.

P. Little, Slight Introductionto Mamliik Historiography. An Breakdown of Arabic Annalistic and Clear Sources for the Reign fairhaired al-Malik an-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qald'un (Freiburg Islamstudien, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1970) and Bori, Ibn Taymiyya: una vita esemplare, existent. 1, 47-56. '9 al-Jazari crack the author of a grid entitled Ta'rikh hawadith al-zaman wa-anbd'i-hi wa-wafaydt al-akabir wa-l-a'ydn min abnd'i-hi: al-ma'riif bi-Ta'rikh Ibn al-Jazari, 3 vv., ed.

'U.'A.S. al-Tadmuri (Beirut: al-Maktaba al-'Asriyya, 1998). The rule volume deals with the existence 689-99/ 1290-1300 and its passage were summarized in French mass J. Sauvaget, La Chroniquede Damas d'al-Jazari (Annies 689-698) (Paris, 1949). U. Haarman, Quellen zur friihen Mamlukenzeit, (Freiburg: D. Robischon, 1969) has edited the years 682-87/1283-88.

The second volume covers dignity period from 725/1324 to 732/1332, the third covers 733/1332 figure up 738/1338. Li Guo has truly reviewed al-Tadmuri's edition in Mamliuk Studies Review 5, 2001, 211ff. On the importance and innovation of al-Jazari see also: Haarman, 'L'6dition de la chronique mamelouke syrienne de Sams al-Din Muhammad al-Gazari' in: BEO XXVII, 1974, 196-203; and D.

P. Approximately, Introduction,96. For his biography cf. A. Z. Bazmee, art. 'al-Diazari', in EF, II, 535-6; Haarman, Quellen, 12-13; Little, Introduction, 53-4; L. Northrup, From Slave type Sultan, (Stuttgart: O. Harrassowitz, 1998), 42-3. 20 See F. Rosenthal, art. 'al-Birzali' in EF, Frenzied, 1238-9 and Little, Introduction, 46 for al-Birzali's biography.

Al-Birzali run through the author of al-Muqtafd li-Ta'rikh al-shaykh Shihdb al-Din Abi Shama, Topkapisaray, Ahmet III, Ms 2951. Cf. Little, Introduction, 46-53. Rabid did not have the punt to consult the manuscript. Standup fight the material concerning Ibn Taymiyya extant in al-Muqtafd is professed to have have been extracted, edited and presented in Jdmi', 149-62.

To the same recorder belongs also a chronicle conclusion Damascus which bears the epithet of Ta'rikh al-Birzdli, Ms Metropolis, Or 3098 a-b. 21 Bolster the biography of Qutb al-Din Musa l-Yunini cf. Ibn Rajab, al-Dhayl 'ald tabaqdt al-handbila, absolute. M. Fiqi (Cairo: Matba'at al-Sunna al-Muhammadiyya, 1953), II, 379-80; Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, VI, 73; Ibn Kathir, BN, XIV, 126; Around, Introduction, 57; Li Guo, Initially Mamluk Syrian Historiography.

Al-Y0nini's Dhayl Mir'dt al-zamdn, ed. Li Guo (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998), II, 6-21. 22 About Ibn Kathir's biography and Ibn Kathir as a historian see loftiness articles of H. Laoust, 'Ibn Katlirhistorien' in Arabica II, 1955, 42-88; and art. 'Ibn Kathir' in EF, III, 841-2. Cf.

also the biographical notices derive Ibn Hajar, DK, I, 218 and Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, VI, 231. 3 For biographical information see Little, Introduction,24. M. Chapoutot-Remadi, art. 'al-Nuwayri' in EF, Vii, 158-60. 24 On his recapitulation and his work cf. Haarman, Quellen, 61-84; Little, Introduction, 10-18; B. Lewis, art.

'Ibn Dawadari', in Ei, III, 767; Northrup, From Slave to Sultan, 47-8. His biography/ chronicle of blue blood the gentry Sultan has been edited inured to H. R. Roemer: Ibn Dawadarl, Kanz al-durar wa-jimi al-ghurar. Al-Durr al-fSakhirfi sirat al-Malik al-Nasir (Quellen zur Geschichte des islamichen Agyptens, Cairo: Deutsches Archiiologisches Institut, 1960), IX.

A NEW SOURCE Rag THE BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA 325 al-Hadi. One detail go over the main points worthy of note, though: rendering Nubdha seems to be righteousness first source that records one meetings, and not one, among Ibn Taymiyya and the Mongolian Ilkhan Gha-zan(d. 703/1304).25 Let run of the mill turn now to the head point: the Nubdha as a-ok source.

Two of Ibn Taymiyya's main biographers make very current use of the Nubdha; they are Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi, worthy above, and the later Ibn Rajab (d. 795/1392), author female the Dhayl 'ali tabaqactal-handbila. Character former wrote a long study on his master, the current included a rather lengthy contour note in his collective dictionary.26Other biographers generally refer to al-Dhahabi as their main source rigidity the Hanbali faqih, but accomplish not necessarily derive it raid the Nubdha.

We are articulation in particular about al-Safadi (d. 764/1362-63)27 and Ibn Hajar (d. 852/1448)28 who quote from integrity tarjama (biography) of Ibn Taymiyya included in the Dhayl kitahbta'rikh al-Islam.29 Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi was indeed a loyal disciple sell like hot cakes Ibn Taymiyya. This is shown in the way in which he refers to al-Dhahabi.

Subside usually quotes long passages strip the Nubdha praising Ibn Taymiyya's moral qualities, his courage countryside his stunning intellectual endowments; do something also reports a brief cash in of his trials in Port and Damascus, but tends reverse omit al-Dhahabi's rather sharp comments on his master's personality.30 Spontaneous so doing he cleans Ibn Taymiyya's image of every croaking element, presenting a picture go off faithfully sticks to the complete ideals of Islamic moral representation.3 Ibn Rajab, meanwhile, does need restrain himself from reporting whatever of the Nubdha's most censorious remarks about Ibn Taymiyya's disagreeable temper, his aggressive mood be first his uncongenial mood swings.32This evaluation not surprising.

If we sight through the whole text archetypal his biography we soon miss that Ibn Rajab does classify confine himself to praise, however expresses some reservations about Ibn Taymiyya's reputedly excessive zeal fasten polemicizing against ascetics, speculative theologians and philosophers as well primate against some important imams.3 Ibn Rajab also seems openly elect disregard Ibn Taymiyya, taking 25al-Dhahabi, Nubdha, fol.

72r. On that specific issue see Y. Michot, Lettre a un Roi Croise9. Traduction de l'Arabe, Introduction, Log et Lexique (Sagesse musulmane, Lyon: BruylantAcademia; Louvain-La-Neuve: Tawhid, 1995), 74-8 and Bori, Ibn Taymiyya: una vita esemplare, ch. 2, 99-108. 26 Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, II, 397-408. 27 Cf. F. Rosenthal, art. 'al-Safadi', in EF, Sevener, 783-5; D.

Little, 'al-Safadi whilst a biographer of his contemporaries', in D. Little (ed.), Essays on Islamic Civilization (Leiden: Liken. J. Brill), 1976, 206-10; Detail. Van Ess, 'Safadi-Splitter' in Adjust Islam 53, 1976, 242-66 give orders to 54, 1977, 77-108. 28 Get to biographical details see F. Rosenthal, art.

'Ibn Hadiar' in E2, III, 807. 29The manuscript has not been edited yet excluding for the biographies of Ibn Taymiyya, al-Dhahabi and al-Mizzi (d. 742/1341): Al-Dhahabi, Thalath tarcijimnafTsa. Rocket is preserved in the East Collection of Leiden University library:Al-dhahabi, Kitdb cdaylta'rikh al-Islim wa-tabaqdt al-mashdahirwna-l-a'ldm,Ms Leiden, Or 320 (2).

Follow is a continuation of al-Ta'rikh al-kabir for the years 701-40/1301-39. The copyist 'Abd al-Wahhab ibn 'Abd al-Mu'min al-Qurayshi (d. ?) has extended it up advice 750/1349. The work is exceptional collection of lives of famous men and women. For practised description cf. M. J. Party Goeje and Th. Juynboll, Catalogus codicum arabicorum (CCA) (Leiden: Fix.

J. Brill, 1907), II, 22-3. 3oIbn 'Abd al Hadi quotes from the Nubdha in:'Uq-d, 4-5 = Nubdha, fol. 71v. 'Uq1id, 24---5 = Nubdha, ff. 71v-72r. 'Uqhd, 116-18 = Nubdha, fight off. 72v-73v. 'UqCld,195--8 = Nubdha, deterioration. 73v-74v. 3 On biography slightly a means of conveying trustworthy standards, i.e.

a moral archetype, see in particular the lucubrate by N. Hurvitz on Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855) trade in depicted by his son Sailih (d. 266/879-80) and the catalogue therein: 'Biography and mild ascetism: a study on Islamic unremitting imagination' in Studia Islamica(SI) 85, 1997/1, 41-65 and idem., Honesty Formation of Hanbalism.

Piety grow to be Power (London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002). 32Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, II, 394-95, quotes from give away Dhahabi, Nubdha, ff. 72r-74r, notwithstanding he selects and presents passages in a different order escape that in the Nubdha. 3 Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, II, 394, 11.1-8. 326 CATERINA BORI let down isolated stand on what smartness calls 'some irregularissues' (bi-ba'dshudhiidh al-masi'il).34 What is interesting is turn this way two prominent members of description Damascus Hanbalicommunity,who lived roughlyfifty adulthood apart,displaya very different attitudetowardsits cover prominentrepresentative,as if to expressa deficit of consensusabout this figure inside of local Hanbalism.Moving one step newborn, one may questionhow far dignity Damascenehanribila,contemporaryto and after Ibn Taymiyya,identifiedtheir affiliationto Hanbalismwith the works alight deeds of Ibn Taymiyya.35Ibn Rajab seems to reveala certainuneasiness whichwill be confirmed,as we shall keep an eye on, by al-Dhahabi'sattitude,althoughthe latter was gather together properlya HIanbali,but still a consistent traditionalist;a topic which is deservingof furtherresearch.

As for the following point, let us examinebrieflythe structureand contentof the Nubdha.As is typicalof Islamicbiographies,the Nubdhadoes not follow far-out chronologicalorder,but rathertendsto organizethe informationthematically. Come into view any other biographyof Ibn Taymiyya,it displays a cluster of general information:his full name,36his birth call up and death date,37some honorific titles,38the escape from Harran to Damascus,39his outstandingmoral and intellectualqualities,"his teachers'names,4'the honours of some of his works,42 and a brief account appeal to his trials (mihan)43and of wreath funeral.44 Al-Dhahabi'stext combines such conventionaldata with a hint of clean up personal touch.

For example,he describeshis masterphysically45and informsthe readerof Ibn Taymiyya'scelibacy and his mediocrityin composingpoetry. Both of these assertions are unexpected,especially the latter, and give blue blood the gentry impressionthat al-Dhahabi is in a selection of way trying to underminehis master's moral and intellectualcredibility.46Finally, he expresses a series of critical remarks,which again sound somewhatpeculiarfor a biographywrittenby a firmlytraditionalistdiscipleof his.

Al-Dhahabi's criticismconcerns both Ibn Taymiyya'sbad characterand climax work. With regard to queen character,al-Dhahabi describeshim as being frequentlytactless and argumentative,as much able stay in honour as insult his companion.47In describing the attitude of divergent groups towards Ibn 34 Ibn Rajab,Dhayl, II, 394, 11.9-10.

Hereshadhis to be intendedas a 'non-canonical' opinion in antithesisto mashhi~r, whichis a rulegenerallyacceptedby the majorityof scholars.Most likely, Ibn Rajab is controversially hinting at the dispute have fun triple divorce (al-talaq al-thaldth) folk tale conditional divorce (ta'liq al-talaq). 35ConcerningHanbalismin Damascusbetweenthe twelfthand fifteenthcenturiescf.

Laoust, 'Le hanbalisme sous les Mamlouks bahrides', 1-71. L. Pouzet, Damas workplace VII'IXIIFes. Vie et Structure Religieuses dans une metropole islamigue (Collection Recherches: Langue Arabe et Pens~e Islamique, Beirut: Dar el-Machreq, Frock Editeurs, 19912), 80-96. M. Inscribe, Commanding Right and Forbidding Disappointment in Islamic Thought (Cambridge: City University Press, 2000), 145-63.

36al-Dhahabi, Nubdha, fol. 70r. al-Dhahabi, Nubdha, fol. 70r and 76v. 37 " al-Dhahabi, Nubdha, fol. 70r. 39 al-Dhahabi,Nubdha,fol. 70r. al-Dhahabi, al-Dhahabi, 42 al-Dhahabi, 43 al-Dhahabi, 44 al-Dhahabi, 45al-Dhahabi, 40 41 Nubdha, ff. 71v-73v, then passim. Nubdha, ff. 70r-71v. Nubdha, fol. 72v. Nubdha, ff. 73v-74r-75r-76v.

Nubdha, fol. 76v. Nubdha, fol. 73v (quoted by Ibn al-Wardi, Ta'rikh, II, 389, 11.18-19) and fol. 76v (quotedby Ibn Rajab,Dhayl,II, 395, 11.19-20). 46 al-Dhahabi, Nubdha, fol. 74r. For a more sophisticated appreciation of these two topics honor Bori, Ibn Taymiyya.:una vita esemplare, ch. 2, 70-72 and 82-6.

Little has been the eminent scholar to com- ment formulate the oddnessof Ibn Taymiyya'scelibacy:'Did Ibn Taymiyyahave a screwloose?'in SI Cardinal, 1975, 105. 47 al-Dhahabi,Nubdha,fol. 73v, quotedby Ibn Rajab,Dhayl, II, 395. A NEW SOURCE FOR Rank BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA 327 Taymiyya, he writes: 'there blow away people among his opponents who believe in him and occupy his science, but say: "In him there is fickleness, celerity, irascibility and love for leadership"'.48 These features are also imitate in his assessment of loftiness master's work, which is defined, according to him, by disputation and a dangerous 'originality' make certain turned into isolating and confident positions against the scholars' ijma'.49 Thus, al-Dhahabi ends up indicative his open disapproval of Ibn Taymiyya's opinions on divorce dampen saying: 'he controlled himself engage a strange way and set aside firm to his own opinion'.5?

In all the picture think about it emerges is not so legible. Nevertheless, if set into spick broader context, al-Dhahabl's words enhance to be consistent, as defraud different occasions he restates goodness same view about Ibn Taymiyya. In a brief work special allowed Bayan zaghal al-'ilm al-Dhahabi describes Ibn Taymiyya in a strict way to that of glory Nubdha.

That is, he acknowledges his great scholarly value move intelligence, his moderation in clothes, appetite and women as plight as his as efforts crave truth and jihad, but declares that the reasons for justness strong opposition to him were his insolence and vanity, rulership excessive fondness of trying retain outdo his fellow shaykhs, contempt for influential people, coronate pretensions, and love of ostentation.5' Another source further strengthens that picture of al-Dhahabi's attitude.

That is a letter written contempt al-Dhahabi to Ibn Taymiyya, obviously at the end of class latter's life, and entitled Glorious Advice to Ibn Taymiyya (al-Nasiha al-dhahabiyya li-Ibn Taymiyya).52 The notification takes the form of comb openhearted reproach to Ibn Taymiyya for his excessive engagement eliminate sterile polemics rather than devoting himself to the fundamental issues of Islamic theology and corpus juris, and for his arrogance at an earlier time lack of tact in partnership with his fellow 'ulama'.

Class tone of the letter review at times sarcastic, at era merely severe: at its essential stands a message of voice criticism of Ibn Taymiyya's egocentricity. I have dealt elsewhere become apparent to the possible reasons for honesty clash between al-Dhahabi and Ibn Taymiyya.53What is important to honour here is that the Nubdha, the Nasiha, and the take a breather of the critical opinions blunt by al-Dhahabi about Ibn Taymiyya, all seem to reflect contain embarrassment on al-Dhahabi's part love being affiliated to him.

Dinky closer look at biographies elitist chronicles does in fact put on an act how busy the Hanball faqih had been in trying put on control influential teaching posts grind Damascus in the name summarize his 'group' (ta'ifa) and in whatever way deeply he had been join in in local strife between 'ulama'.54The difficult position in which Ibn Taymiyya found himself in Damascus at the end of Nubdha, fol.

75v. al-Dhahabi, Nubdha, fol. 74r. ibid. ~' al-Dhahabi, Bayan zaghal al-'ilm wa-l-talab, opportune. M. Z. al-Kawtharl (Damascus: Matba'at al-Tawfiq, 1347H.), 17-18. The traversal is also quoted by al-Sakhawi, al-'lltn bi-tawbikh li-man dhamma l-ta'rikh, ed. M. Z. al-Kawthari (Damascus: Maktabat al-Qudsi, 1349H.), 77 station by D.

P. Little, 'Did Ibn Taymiyya have a twist loose?', 102-03. 52 al-Dhahabi, al-Nasiha al-dhahabiyya li-Ibn Taymiyya, in Baydn zaghal al-'ilm, 32-4. The in danger of extinction of authenticity has been dealt with by Little, 'Did Ibn Taymiyya have a screw loose?', 102; and Bori, Ibn Taymiyya.:una vita esemplare, ch. 4, 142-8 and 191-4.

5 Bori, Ibn Taymiyya: una vita esemplare, ibid. 54 Bori, Ibn Taymiyya.: una vita esemplare. About knowledge gorilla a source of social hold sway and the struggles for breach see the interesting book wedge M. Chamberlain, Knowledge and Communal Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190-1350 (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

48 al-Dhahabi, 49 50 328 CATERINA BORI life might accept damaged the career of dried out of his close pupils, come into sight alDhahabi, who from the Nubdha appears to be striving squeeze maintain a balanced position betwixt praise and admiration on position one hand, and detachment harsh means of a safe disapproval on the other.55 Concluding remarks In brief, much of excellence early biographical literature about Ibn Taymiyya quotes al-Dhahabi as university teacher main source.

In fact, al-Dhahabi was not only a accommodate disciple of the famous HanbalIjurist and theologian, but also natty renowned traditionalist scholar and uncut much-celebrated historian-and therefore an ex cathedra source. A content analysis both of the manuscript and conduct operations early biographical material has legitimate us to identify the Nubdha as a frequently quoted provenance.

The way in which justness Nubdha was used by biographers helps bring to light issues concerning their relationship with righteousness subject, which calls into back issue the existence of a brimfull Hanbali consensus around Ibn Taymiyya as 'the' representative of class Hanbali community in Damascus. Correspondingly, the criticism expressed by al-Dhahabi towards his master confirms birth existence of tensions between ethics two, and the former's consternation about displaying unconditional allegiance shout approval Ibn Taymiyya's entourage.

II Honourableness manuscript The text is class of a miscellany (Majmz-'3128 'Am) preserved in the National Depository of Damascus (Maktabat al-Asad) survive was once part of justness Zahiriyya collection. According to magnanimity catalogue, the Majm-' comes deviate the Hanbali madrasa al-'Umariyya existing consists of seven rasai'il conglomerate with various topics.

Of these, five are attributed to Ibn Taymiyya and one, entitled al-Tibb al-ruhani, to Muhammad ibn al-Jawzi (d. 597/1201). The catalogue, by means of al-Sawwas, provides a brief last approximate description of the text of each risala; it mentions the authors, the copyists-when known-the number of folios, the latitude and length of the pages (14 x 17 cm) limit the number of lines (16 to 23), but it fails to offer any other functional information to date the texts.56 I was unable to enquire the original copy in Damascus and I have therefore stilted the photocopy from microfilm.

Uncontrollable cannot say anything about rank format of the pages. Probity photocopies I managed to hire do not indicate any hurt nor provide any information deal with the origin of the pro forma. Furthermore, there is neither graceful colophon nor a note roam would enable me to public figure or formulate a dating dissertation.

What follows is a sort of what is visible strip the photocopies of the microfilm. The whole miscellany consists forget about 75 ff. of which interpretation Nubdha covers fol. 70r get into the swing fol 76v.57Pages are numbered mould Arabic figures written in prestige centre at the bottom, superficially in pencil; there are statement average 17 lines to loftiness page.

The incipit (fol. 70r) mentions the author's name vital the work genre (i.e. adroit biography: wa-hildhihi nubdha min sirat...). As stated above, the replica is not dated and leadership copyist's name is not canned. The content is introduced acquire the third SSee in delicate al-Dhahabi, Thalath tarajim nafisa, 23-24, 26, 27 quoted in largest part by Ibn DK, I, 91.

Hajar, 56 Y. M. al-Saww~s, Fihrist makht.t.t al-Zahiriyya: al-Majmi' (Damascus, 1986), II, 212-15. 57 Squeeze not to fol. 75v bring in according to al-Sawwas, Fihrist, Majatmi',II, 215. A NEW SOURCE Stretch THE BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA 329 person: qila (al-Dhahabi); honesty excipit (fol. 76v) finishes gangster the formula: rahima-hu Ilhh wa-radiya 'an-hu wa-radiya 'an-na bi-barakati-hi wa-ghafara la-na 'an-hu wa-karrama-hu ('May Spirit be compassionate with him, arm be pleased with him submit with us by His favour.

May He forgive us hostile his behalf and may Yes honour him!'). The handwriting research paper hasty and a very script naskhi. Diacritical points are scanty, but not completely missing, playing field they are not used scientifically. Vocalization is also rare most important when there, it does battle-cry seem to conform to woman rational criteria.

A catchword appears only in ff. 71 viewpoint 72, perhaps also in fol. 73 (the photocopy is put together clear) at the bottom weigh of the page. There varying no marginal notes, only process the right margin of fol. 76v (fifth line from depiction bottom) Ibn Taymiyya's death look at is made explicit in Semite figures. The text is especially correct from both a grammatic and an orthographical point custom view.

Most of the orthographic peculiarities are to be eminent in the writing of hamza, for which the scribe does not follow a regular orthography. It is to be remarked that: the hamza is many a time not written, only its drayman (yd', wvaw, alif). for 4L3 For example w for ji (fol. 71r); lc for ii~ (fol. 71r); ul, (fol. 71v) ...; (b) when followed dampen a long vowel, the hamza in the middle of copperplate word tends to disappear dossier with its carrier.

For draw if, for (fol. 73r) ,,y and cwj_ for (fol. 76v); the end of a little talk that comes after an Berserk is written in (c) class hamza at,•3j~) different ways: * sometimes it is simply left (for example a for ,~.i [fol. 71v], L. ffor lowdown (fol. 72r)) ...; * off it is omitted, but justness alif is marked by deft madda for (.ii ,o.i (fol.

74r)); (fol. 72r), t?a home in on .Ls (fol. 74r), i.&for unrestrainable * once it is both written and marked by T(I.i (fol. 74r)); (fol. 73v) settle down i (fol. 74v); (d) pass for for the verb .~ surprise find both oL stands soon for t (fol. 76v.); (e) i- is once written -1) (fol. 75r) and .. furthermore: (a) (f) three times decency scribe drops the ya' fence the ism mansub (relative adjective) and for pu (fol.

75v.), U1?Wfor derived from the noun: ~ -••".i for (fol. 75r). j_, C,_ it is too to be noted that: whilst part of a person's honour is usually correct; (g) excellence writing of the word (h) diacritical points on theL. ta' marbita are not regularly taken. The edition 1. All orthographic peculiarities appearing in the designing manuscript have been adapted everywhere to the modern conventional usage in order to make position text consistent and more readily readable.

2. Grammatical and semantic anomalies are few. The words being a unicum, I possess preferred to leave the version as close as possible next the original and suggest train in the footnotes any possible amendment. 3. I did not residue the vocalization of the another manuscript. Vowels have been additional only where deemed indispensable just a stone's throw away suggest a specific reading.

CATERINABORI 330 4. Only once, hem in fol. 76v, a circlewith tidy dot insideappearsto point to rendering end of the text, evenhanded beforethe closing formula.Otherwisethere are clumsy marks. I have therefore time-tested to limit the insertion entity punctuation signs to a minimum: * colon to introduce steer speech or a new well-spring presented by * al-Dhahabi (..:a ...:Ju); full stop to speck the beginningof a period deal with which a new narrative residential home corresponds; * invertedcommas to pull out out a hadithor a quranicdya; * question mark and outcry mark where deemed necessaryto facilitatethe readingof dialogues 5.

The apparatusdeals exclusivelywith textual matters. Identificationsof persons(whenpossible),places,sources,quranicversesand traditions,etc. are to be strong in the Englishtranslation.I have recordedin the footnotes the possible variantsof the Nubdhaquoted by alreadyedited biographies Ibn al-Wardi(&i), Ibn of Ibn Taymiyya;namely,Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi Rajab (~) and Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (•-c), jjAIl).

As stated above, Ibn (,a text. Thus, I take pointed out al-Wardi tends dirty abridge al-Dhahabi's his variants matchless when he takes the meaning to quote the Nubdhafully arm carefully. 6. In preparingthe path the following signs have archaic used: [ ] = conjecturaladditionof the editor. + = broaden in one of the alreadyedited sources.

- = omitted engage one of the already unchanging sources. The translation Just efficient few words about the Englishtranslation.I have triedto providethe text observe the notes I thoughtusefulto clarifyit, especiallywhen al-Dhahabihintsat people, works unexpectedly events of Ibn Taymiyya'slife focus may be unknownto the school-book with no specializedknowledge of Ibn Taymiyya.

I have not each time managedto identifythe charactersmentioned.In translating,my mainlinguistic preoccupationwas with tense. Assumingthat at a low level parts of the text were somehowcontemporaryto Ibn Taymiyya,I found myselffacing a problemof temporal coherence:either procedure consistent with the nature grow mouldy the Arabic tenses, that impliedsome rathersuddenswitchesfrom the past to picture present tense, or with depiction Englishconsecutiotemporum.I chose to remainas be over as possible to the Semitic.

A NEW SOURCE FOR Interpretation BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA 331 1? [fol. 70r] lLAjil jL4.-?t J:J ;1rJJ;~ J ailubux 4xi~31t W 5 ICIcj~\ .1 oppressor )L.J 1 ?JJ -,C _-? b *. ?; Ollj L& ;U j I j itemize eC-?~\ L5 A4;tdU% il lLcl L; Z&3 10 - j?C tj j L5,j I Ifol. dI 15 3) 2450. .-LUI J 1. .3us2.r a heritage oOI GA 0j~so co 3JUck3 -Zj JW"41) ys j aLi 1 Af3...i4 cu jL.C..

:AL U. 71vi L I dBL4 , 3jisaA > L;1? J- 0I 3Ju "s ?L; 2 L7j1 L,.v -,r~~lj jjj,?,Pj A~ djAZLJ 8 3 u- Acclamation pl .00 25 fy fix at .41 py t hilarious CATERINABORI 332 f M ;as- JL?-I L L ~j"Jl J\ I L *A m.•.•L•. a9~0 . AUo • ? Particularize ?Ji L .. JI:V .I $ LcjlAj 8 3 Specify A\ 4 3 }: u,+ 4c. s .J 7 itemize .I (:t4>lI. ... ~ Jy.u.-' 0 J .J Ai contorted StyO\ .

c\4~o 4"oJt Tabulate. J, j\ JU jl well-ordered u u > J - Lift 71r] [fol. L 5o l] J 5 ~ Detail . 19s-8 .?.-:u I LiY 14x. + :Ai,,ci$i.,< .,.! Irrational ,..2 ap 4 ) . ,i8I11 Y 0,1• •. , . :, . .l 333 A NEW SOURCE FOR Blue blood the gentry BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA [fol. 14 72v] •&-•~ - jdr ~.iO ybO'La CSLE ,I iuj 3 Lb~si AqL--? ije ) 20 a..• •:.S y; I( 1 ;r 4iJ\ J Flu Ls)J 10\jI ?j .-4 0.

II 3;'LI sLS~l03 12 • au -uL 1 -1J uS ,uI 1::,:3 5 13 L:UP .x.- •.••.. :'JL*? - Ij &%JUU ,.! iI L)I ? I A-.L1cli.j- j ? t.,?L ?A i3 19,G .-I AjA . j.6 L 4ij -O*-I"Ro Loa; A IJ-j . Praise. ,.. . .,, S: ~;i~ c~"J J~ 3L 115 5 20 41 5. 18 Cardinal ;wj ,2... ?~ J.,z5 A-Lobj ;-u- I' Z5i Lz ,..A L, 17 L+ u ./ at 4 ] a/ oLai fi 2r uL fv!i~ trust.

•' 772r • b?3 X• • $X • •A• [[fol. . J• .•cl ,•. •.• jUf ( 0A-•f$ 4;1 .. 19"ISl "ul 12 ';LfJ IJ 31~c + ; Y O15 L, v'•,••,••. s.•Lb -lj :rAV~t . :TAV13 13 :rAVV14 15 ..• . 1• 16 &16 -MI ., , (~L6 .0;$ .rAVY ,V,. 117 7 Stick together , 1, J • . j . 18 19 ,. CATERINA BORI 334 up s0$l A JUS% JA l Li J1)9.J bj c51 22.

ticklish 55s [fol.73v] .J. t Ua <.- ,. tc) •. , , . . . qd .p . :rAV "25 . e a S f Accolade. , c L6 ,ALI Laudation yAi c..)4ULJ .A.:O ,! 3 ) I 23 S24 o4 ! U . , . " i Li ' .. 26!.•• ,•, , . . .L; S r' .. ' V, : W ? + , . .1 L "o1 20 , 21 ,. : o• 23 J ,u 25 26 A NEW SOURCE In favour of THE BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA + 1- J Cy# Cr J-i '-, ..) .

0k 5 335 gr" 27' J?J. o'L. c-T h27.1 330 . 10 i 33.? S34 I21,"A L? a! I1 Uaa Li 289 : -1 Z- 3L* Uyt I :3v -L ;. , 4 ( , .5.<,L•. . .. p , undiluted . TI A , 323 33 . IjR 32 ? Ij. . . CATERINA BORI 336 35 39 36 OWLJ t JI UJ.Jl AJi,-I 38 39 j15 $I 20 I- L9y .. &t '1 :i s J 3 1i ?UI j)L, r &U3 jo L1 rJ ?

J I?!.w holder L y Li (td 4.64 3 137 I.?U4, + S'+ : .u-IJ A a pistol :19A Cg gauty -A 20 I; )_l L) . +/ :19A u ?i 36 systematic 40 389 A NEW Wellspring FOR THE BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA tL4 L E;?w 5 L4 [fol. 75v] )o detail 4 y 337 L) 4 i :0J: jIrQA i jLL*jozL 41 Lb ;-)k ~~bJl U10 A.A Liu-i 4,6-, j heed, u 4 -L "-; Unmarried A~ L ~ ; 15 Jy y f j L)\ ,o~cjL$ c44a 15 : U Aj I Si 1 holder Li~I-?j?

42 t 4rbJ ,J J jLp L) A. scope . i 75r] O r[fol. ~~43 ;ub &J 1 ! X JL~ tU!,U j3 La; L) AJ \. \.6. 5 )& jJr~jLcLjC P~ cj4 -4...o.1.LA 0j3 .J,,~ ai\lb t~ dJ y) 3M JA 4YoL ~'.. 2161C~~~L~j0 4_lj i es iSr J c.0 U &. L5 as r ~LU yk7:.)4 Defence u~ijS~i 3j S41 .oJ.l3, ~ ~~~. ?C:qit .J4 .urcr 4s L\ :3 ~ S42 3j 338 CATERINA BORI 2 ~4 C)~ jC \~irI 3 JL~I) bs LA~k~i A i t), l~~tI~ )~/I '' 3i ihll3 yg~tJ9 s f >v t0 .p OJ1 l4_p j- O)J ,ieAIj,.\ yJSc ii 3AJ Kudos , >.ej L.a i LWL1uii .uLb Lxl-l 10r 20 jj y" :rpkJ e0 JP -b-J, h it 15 I~u -j M 9 c sA U yatoUdLdJ 31 y I boss WA; oL4 o Aa ;ys > .

Iaul p Ai 3Ai 4.kjL;J 4 t-L O.LP OLSJ ?-Wl;UL-.5Ui jp-,?j . ~ Ai l .> a.j Hysterical I- o LUL. L"L . L aj wrAJC. toI.tqjU ,Oj l4. I) 4 I;A tjp.-A-j US. Oj?Ulj.4"~J 4; 14,,j kCSP? 3.?LuI I .Jt4Ik , 25 'C C-..; ?.Jy- L) NI;U :h9ij Uojll4 :rM-?; Y 4 A NEW SOURCE FOR Excellence BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA 339 [An excerpt of the brusque of shaykh al-islam Taqi 1-Din ibn Taymiyya] Ifol.

70r] Approval be to God alone. That an excerpt of the dulled of shaykh al-islam Taqi 1-Din ibn Taymiyya-may God be rewarding with him-from what the shaykh, the imam, the most clued-up, the guardian [of tradition] Shams al-Din Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad b. Ahmad b. 'Uthman al-Dhahabi al-Shafi'i has composed-may God shell both of them with Jurisdiction grace and favour.

He said: Ibn Taymiyya Taqi 1-Din Ahmad b. 'Abd al-IHalimb. 'Abd al-Salam b. 'Abd Allah b. Abi 1-Qasimal-Khidr b. Muhammad b. al-Khidr b. 'Ali b. 'Abd God b. Taymiyya, the imam, greatness learned, the man of put the last touches to knowledge, the distinguished, the nonpareil, the shaykh al-Islam, the counter-argument of the age, [that is] Taqi 1-Din Abti 1-'Abbas Ahmad al-IHarrani al-Hanbali lived in Damascus and was born in Harran' on 12 Rabi' I unconscious the year 661.

His father confessor, together with him and fillet brothers, fled to Syria parallel with the ground the time of the Oriental oppression; he travelled during representation night with them and condemnation his books on a approach for lack of riding animals. The enemy almost caught them when the carriage stopped, for this reason he humbly prayed to Genius and called for His mark out and they were spared, deserter [the danger] and arrived now Damascus in the year 667.

[First,] they studied the paragraph of Ibn 'Arafa2 and ethics like under al-Zayn b. 'Abd al-Da'im.3 Then, our great shaykh learned from Ibn Abi 1-Yusr,4from Kamal b. 'Abd5 and al-Majid b. 'Asakir,6 followers of al-Khushfl'I,7from al-Jamal b. al-Sayrafi,8 from AhImad b. Abi l-Khayr Salama,9 devour al-Qasim al-Irbili,'0 'Harran, a little town in northern Mesopotamia, these days in modern Turkey, was formerly renowned for the presence detail a Sabean community and due to it had been an not worth mentioning Hanbali centre.

It was profligate by the Mongols in 1271. Cf. G. Fehervari, art. 'Harran', in: EF, III, 234-7. 2 Ibn 'Arafa (d. 257/870-71), unmixed traditionist from Baghdad and learner of al-Tirmidhi, Ibn al-Mubarak put up with Ibn Maja. He was representation author of a collection indifference traditions called Juz' Ibn 'Arafa (cf.

fol. 75r). F. Sezgin, Geschichte des Arabischen Schrifttums (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967), 1, 134. 3Ibn 'Abd al-Da'im al-Maqdisi (d. 668/1269-70). In his biographies he is called musnid al-Sha'm wa-faqihu-ha wa-muhaddithu-ha. He was clean up renowned HanbalI scholar. He upset in Baghdad and in Harran with Ibn Taymiyya's ancestor, Fakhr al-Din ibn Taymiyya (d.

621 or 622/ 1224-25). Cf. al-Dhahabi, al-'Ibar fJ khabar man gabara, ed. S.D. al-Munajjid-F. al-Sayyid (Kuwayt: Ma'had al-Makhtuftatbi-Dar al-Kutub al-'Misriyya, 1966), V, 288; Ibn Kathir, BN, XIII, 257; Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, V, 325-6; and Pouzet, Damas, 93. 4 Ibn Abi 1-Yusr (d. 672/1273). He is get around as musnid al-Sha'm and was one of Ibn Hanbal's Musnad transmitters in Damascus.

Cf. Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, V, 338; spreadsheet Pouzet, Damas, 434. 5 Unfamiliar. 6 Al-Majid ibn 'Asakir (d. 669/1270-71): a Damascene Shafi'I traditionist. He studied with the yoke famous Baghdadi HanbalI scholars, Ibn Tabarzad (d. 607/1210) and Hanbal al-Rusafi (d. 604/ 1207), abide with the prominent Hanafi philologue Abui 1-Yumm al-Kindi (d.

613/1217). From his teachers, one would say that he was conduct operations traditionalist leanings. He was concealed on Mount Qasyuin. Cf. al-Yunini, Dhayl Mir'dt al-Zaman (Cairo: Straight al-Kitab al-Islami, 19922), II, 463; and Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, Completely, 331. 7 It is grizzle demand clear whether al-Dhahabi means about AbuiTahir Barak-atal-Khushu'i (d.

598/1201) slur his son Abu Ibrahim ibn Abi Tahir Barakat (d. 640/1241-42). Nicknamed by Abui Shama orangutan musnid al-Sha'm, the former difficult been a widely acknowledged expert in hadith studies, but convulsion too early to have back number the teacher of the poet of Ibn Taymiyya mentioned pustule the passage.

The latter ephemeral closer to the generation manage Ibn Taymiyya and was likewise a famous Damascene traditionist, on the contrary was less well-known than rule father. On the son photo Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, V, 207, and on his father contemplate Abui Shama, Tarajim, 28-9. Safadi, Wdfi, ed. A. Amara refuse J. Sublet (Wiesbaden: F. Steiner Verlag, 1980), X, 117; unacceptable Pouzet, Damas, 441.

8 Jamal Yahya ibn al-Sayrafi (d. 696/1296-97), a Hanbali mufti from Harran. He studied in Baghdad bang into Ibn Tabarzad and in Damascus with al-Kindi. Cf. Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, V, 363 SAhmad ibn Abi 1-Khayr Salama al-Haddaid(d. 678/1279-80), a Damascene Hanball scholar, uncut tailor and a street-trader. Do something had been a pupil dressingdown al-Kindi.

Cf. Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, V, 360. 10 Abu Bakr ibn al-Qasim al-Irbill (d. 680/1281-82), a scholar from Irbil. Crystal-clear later moved to Damascus neighbourhood he died. He was sketch important transmitter of Muslim's Sahih which he had studied swop al-Mu'ayyid al-Tusi (d. 617/1220). Cf. Yinini, Dhayl Mir'at al-Zaman, IV, 121; and Ibn al-'Imaid,ShDh, Fully, 367.

340 CATERINA BORI devour the shaykh Shams al-Din 'Abd al-Rahman Ifol. 71v] b. Abi 'Umar," from Abi 1-Ghana'im left-handed. 'Ilan'2and many others. He phoney Ahmad's [Ibn HI;Ianbal's] Musnad over again, the great books [of nobility Sunna] and the sections [of the Quran]. He became uncover with hadith and copied unornamented good amount of it, soil studied calligraphy and mathematics sentence elementary school, he learned decency Quran by heart and corroboration devoted himself to jurisprudence.

Commissioner days he read Arabic prep below Ibn 'Abd al-Qawi and as he mastered it he began contemplating the Book of Sibawayhi until he [fully] understood cluedin. He distinguished himself in mould and then became completely depressed with quranic exegesis until of course achieved in it the centre success. He mastered the customary of jurisprudence and other subjects, and all at a lifetime when he was merely smart boy of ten years selection so.

The eminent"3were left dumbstricken by the extent of fillet intelligence, the agility of climax mind, the power of culminate memory and his speed give a miss perception. He grew in finished chastity and abstinence, in grace and devotion, being modest contact dress and appetite. In top childhood he used to wait on or upon places of reading and assemblage [where] he would talk present-day debate, silencing the authoritative other ranks and conveying a knowledge ditch confounded the notables of authority town.

Consequently, he issued authorized opinions from the age very last nineteen years old or open. From that time onwards, recognized started collecting and compiling gift eagerly devoted himself to be concerned. Once his father died, getting been a distinguished Hanbali prep added to one of their leaders,he began teachingin his stead,when he was twenty-one.

He became well avowed and his fame spread kids the world. From a seat, on Fridays he began commentingon the VenerableBook. He would explain[it, addressing]the assemblywithouthesitation,and muchas he would explainthe lecturecalmlyand with a accusatory and eloquentvoice so that nervous tension an assemblyhe would utterup deceive two quires.At the same as to he wouldwrite Ifol.

71r] calligraphic numberof related[points]on the legal sentiment in questionwith a quick handwritingof the utmost difficultyand obscurity. For Ibn Taymiyya, I read plug a passage by our shaykh, the most erudite Kamal al-Din,'4 authorityof the Shafi'is: 'If proscribed was asked about any subjectof knowledge,the personwho saw him distortion listenedto him would think make certain he [i.e.

Ibn Taymiyya]did beg for know anythingbut that subjectand valuation that he did not bring up to date anybodyequal to him. If thejuristsof the otherfactions" sat in dominion company, they would benefit overrun him in aspects of their own doctrine'.He said:'Thereis no famous instanceof him engagingin debatewith " Shams al-Din ibn Abi 'Umar al-Hanbali (d.

682/1282-83). One in shape the better known Hanbali personalities of Damascus. He was character son of the shaykh Abu 'Umar ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi (d. 607/1210-11). He studied with king father and his uncle Muwaffaq al-Din (d. 620/1223) who familial their knowledge on the force of Ibn Tabarzad, al-Kindi beginning Ibn Hanbal al-Rusafi.

He was the first Hanbali qddi 1-quddtin Damascus. In his biographical economics, Ibn Taymiyya's name effectively appears among his pupils. Cf. Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, I, 304-10; Abu Shama, Tardjim, 235-36; Pouzet, Damas, 417. 12 AbO l-Ghana'im Moslem ibn 'Illn (d. 668/1269-70), spiffy tidy up Damascene Hanball qddi and splendid pupil of al-Khushil'i (cf.

sufra) and of Ibn Tabarzad. Cf. Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, V, 369. (pl. of al-fddil): here, smart man possessing excellence (fadl) link with knowledge. '3 The Arabic laboratory analysis al-fJiudald' Cf. E. W. Echelon, An Arabic-English Lexicon (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, repr. 1990), VI, 2413. 14 Kamal al-Din al-Zamlakani (d.

727/1326-27), a scholar have a word with contemporary of Ibn Taymiyya. Of course was a man of picture perfect power and such an brilliant representative of the Shafi'i madhhabthat he was buried in Port next to al-Shafi'i. For top biography see Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, VI, 78-80; Ibn Kathir, BN, XIV, 35-38 and 131-32; al-Subki, TSh , V, 251-56; Ibn Hajar, DK, IV, 47-8; Ibn al-'Im/d, ShDh, VI, 78; courier al-Safadi, WIfi, IV, 214-21.

Concerning his controversial relationship with Ibn Taymiyya cf. Sherman A. Pol, 'Ibn Taymiyyah on trial giving Damascus', in Journalof Semitic Studies XXXIX/1, 1994, 48 and Bori, Ibn Taymiyya: una vita esemplare, ch. 4, 150-53. '5 i.e. the non-Hanbali jurists. A Creative SOURCE FOR THE BIOGRAPHY Disruption IBN TAYMIYYA 341 someone who silenced him.

He did need speak on any science, inevitably pertaining to the sciences run through the shar' or some assail [science], without surpassing its experts and applying to it [i.e. to the subject at hand] the preconditions of ijtihaidas hype necessary'. I said: He esoteric a perfect knowledge of rank transmitters of Muslim tradition, clever challenging and correcting them stream their peers.

He knew rendering different kinds of traditions, necessarily with a long chain send off for a short one, knowing rendering authentic from the faulty. That came by virtue of ruler full recall of their bases in which he excelled. No-one of his contemporaries ever reached his standard nor came shut to him. He was neglected in quoting traditions and increase by two extracting arguments from them.

Crystal-clear was the best in chevy them back to the Day-star Books or to the Musnad to such a degree wind it was entirely credible contract say of him that: 'Every tradition that Ibn Taymiyya does not know is no tradition'. Nevertheless, the all-encompassing knowledge attempt to God alone; and indifferent of the fact that, accent the knowledge of tradition, forbidden would draw from a ocean while other imams would tug from mere streams.

As symbolize quranic exegesis, he was settle uncontested authority, being extraordinarily foxy in recalling quranic verses like that which he needed to provide blue blood the gentry legal proof for the material at issue. If a Quran teacherl6 saw him he would become astounded by him. Tempt a result of his derived pre-eminence in quranic exegesis sports ground his superior knowledge, he would throw light on the wrong nature of many of primacy opinions of commentators and would weaken many of them Ifol.

72v] and supplant them get the only interpretation that impressive with the content of greatness Quran and the Sunna. Use one day to the cover up he would write four quires or more of exegesis, protocol, the principles of Islamic conviction and law, refutation[s] of birth philosophers and of speculative sciences. It is no exaggeration [to say] that up to packed together his writings have reached fin hundred volumes.

On other topics he has written works static in single volumes like Greatness Question of Tahlil,17The Question raise Hafir (?),'" The Question neat as a new pin the Person Who Insulted say publicly Prophet,19 The Question of goodness Necessity of the Straight Footprint in Censuring Innovations.2"He has cursive [also] A RefJitationof Ibn Muttcaharal-Ri7fid21 in three big volumes, out work against the Ta'sis Ferry the use of the title muqri' rather than qdri' performance Pouzet, Danmas,173.

The reference hints at one of the cap controversial topics dealt with encourage ibn Taymiyya, i.e. his rejection to accept the tahlil investigate. The work in which crystal-clear expresses his view on grandeur subject is the Iqdmat al-dalilfi ibtailal-tahlil. Cf. Ibn Taymiyya, Kitab majmit'afatawd shaykh al-isldm Taqi 1-Din Ibn Taymiyya al-Ijarrani, ed.

Faraj Allah al-Kurdi (Cairo: Matba'at al-Kurdistan al-'Ilmiyya, 1909-1911), III, 3-267. 18Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi, 'Uqtid, 35 enquiry more explicit and calls distinction work: Tabrir al-kaldm f'i hadithat al-aqs/im or Kitab al-tahririfi mas'alat al-hafir (also in Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, II, 404). Apart punishment its polemical nature, the long way round of this mas'ala still cadaver unclear to me.

19Ibn Taymiyya, al-masltil 'ala shatim al-ras-il (Beirut: Dar al-JII, 1975). The time of the composition ofal-S.lrim glory book is an episode which took place in 693/1293; while in the manner tha a Christian of Suwayda' was accused of having insulted honesty Prophet, Ibn Taymiyya strongly verified his prosecution.

When civil disturbances broke out in Damascus, Ibn Taymiyya was suspected of build behind them, and was in this fashion tried and imprisoned for neat as a pin short period. The longest snub of thefitna is that simultaneous by al-Jazari, Hawvadith,I, 202-05. Newborn details of the episode gaze at be found in: Ibn Kathir, BN, XIII, 335-6; Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, 11, 396; al-Maqrizi, Kitab al-muqaffl 1-kabir,ed.

M. Ya'lawi (Beirut: Dar al-Garb al-Islami, 1991) Hilarious, 456; and Murad, 'Ibn Taymiyya on trial' 1-2, and 26 n. 4. 20Ibn Taymiyya, Kitab iqtid' al-sirdt al-mustaqim mukhdlafat aybhab al-jahin (Cairo: al-Matba'a al-Sharifa, 1907). The most important sections show consideration for the book have been translated into English, with commentary, wishywashy M.

U. Memon, Ibn Taymiyya's Struggle against Popular Islam (The Hague: Mouton, 1976). According holiday at Memon the book is distribute be dated between 721/1321 pivotal 726/ the years in which Ibn Taymiyya intensified his logical activity against religious minorities. 1326, 21 Ibn Taymiyya, Minhdj al-sunna al-nabawiyyafi naqd kaldm al-shi'a al-qadariyya, 4vv.

in 2 tt. (Cairo: Bfil/aq, 1904). It is on the rocks polemical work, written around 1317, against the imami notion liberation imamate as represented by interpretation famous scholar Ibn al-Muttahar al-Hilli (d. 726/1325). On al-Hilli's doctrines see H. Laoust, 'Les fondements de l'imamat dans le Minhaj d'al-Hilli' in REI XLVI/1, 1978, 5-55; idem, 'La critique defence sunnisme dans la doctrine d'al-Hilli' in REI XXXIV, 1966, 35-60.

16 17 342 CATERINABORI al-Taqdis by al-Razi in seven volumes,22a Book against the Greek Logic23and a Book on the On a case by case basis of Reason and Revelation breach two volumes,24and his discipleshave alreadycollectedsix big volumes of his acceptable opinions. He had an in-depthknowledgeof the orientationsof the Companionsand honesty Successordoctrines.He would rarelytalk about neat subjectwithoutquoting the schools of primacy four imams.Still, he contradictedthem proclaim some well-known issues about which he wrote and for which he providedargumentsusing the Book additional the Sunna.

He has compileda work entitled Politics Accordingto Deific Law for Establishing Orderfor Emperor and Subjects25and a book [called] Removing the Reproach from ethics Learned Imams.26 When he was imprisonedin Alexandriathe governorof Sibta27asked him to grant him a licenceto teach his traditionsand to mock some of them in nominalorder.28 So he wrote down steer clear of memory,in ten pages, a fair to middling numberof them,with the chains fence transmission,in such a way go off the best of traditionistswould be born with been incapableof accomplishingIfol.

72r] securely a part of it. Rep some years now he has not issued legal opinions accordingto a specific doctrine,but ratheraccordingto birth evidencethat supportshis position. He supportedthe pure Sunnaand the way possess the pious Ancestors,whichhe vindicatedwith unprecedentedproofs, premisesand cases using expressions whichmen of formerand recenttimesrefrainedfrom using have a word with feared.He was so daringin that that a groupof scholarsfrom Empire and Syriaturnedagainst him in aura unprecedentedway.

They accusedhim of activity an innovator,they confronted him fairy story treated him with contempt. To the present time, he was firm without gift himselfup to flatteryor to favouritism,on the contrary,he utteredthe bitter tall tale to which he had antique led by his independentjudgement,his keen mind, his vast knowledgeof class Sunna and of the [scholars']opinions.This was in addition to tiara celebratedpiety, the completenessof his concept, his swiftnessin learning,his fearof Maker, and his venerationof the sacredthingsof God.

And now turn your attentionto the war-likeclashesand to nobility Egyptian and Syrian battles! many times was he unanimouslyaccused,but God rescuedhim;for he was steadyin supplication,frequentin callingfor His help, resolutein [his]trust[in Him]and firm-hearted.He devotedhimselfintensively 22 The book is usually quoted in the list of sovereign works: Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, II, 403; al-Safadi, Wdfi, VII, 24.

23 Ibn Taymiyya, Kitab al-radd 'ald l-mantiqiyyin (composed in 709/1309 during his stay in Alexandria) ed. Sharaf al-Din al-Kutubi (Bombay: al-Matba'a al-Qayyima, 1949). The curtailed version by al-Suyfiti (Jahd al-qariha fT tarjid al-nasiha or Mukhtasar nasihat ahl al-imanfi 1-radd 'ald mantiq al- Y?ndn)has been translated into English by Wael Inelegant.

Hallaq, Ibn Taymiyyaagainst the Hellenic Logicians (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993) and can be found prickly MF, IX (Kitab al-mantiq), 82-255. 24 Ibn Taymiyya, Dar' al-ta'arud al-'aql wa-l-naql or Muwafaqa sahih al-manqul li-sarih alma'qdl published detainee part on the margin enterprise Minhaj al-sunna al-nabawiyya, ed. Builaq (Cairo: al-Matba'a al-Kubrd l-Amiriyya, 1321/1903).

A complete version in 11 volumes has been edited gross M. Rashad Salim, (Riyad: Undeviating al-Kunfiz al-Adabiyya, 1979). 25 Ibn Taymiyya, al-Siyasa al-shar'iyyafi isldh al-rd'i wa-l-ra'iyya, ed. 'Isam Faris al-Harastant (Beirut: Dar al-Jil, 1993). Rotate. Laoust has translated the make a reservation into French, Le Traite trick Droit Publique d'Ibn Taymiyya.

Traduction Annotd de la Siyasa shar'iya (Beirut: Institut Frangais de Damas, 1948); in English: O. Elegant. Farrifkh, Ibn Taymiyya on Disclose and Private Law in Monotheism or Public Policy in Islamic Jurisprudence (Beirut, 1966). There exsists an Italian translation by Unclear. Piccinelli, II buon governo secondo I'Islam (Lesa: Fondazione Noja Noseda, 2002).

According to H. Laoust the book was composed in the middle of 1311 and 1315. 26 Ibn Taymiyya, Raf' ukhrd,ed. Z. Shawish (Beirut: al-maltdmfi a'immat al-isl/m wa-mabtahith Manshfirat al-Maktab al-Islami, 19703). 27 Sibta (Ceuta): a slipway environs on the extreme tip virtuous the Maghreb, on the Gutter of Gibraltar facing al-Andalus.

Cf. YaqOt, Mu'jam al-bulddn (Beirut: Undeviating Sadir, 1957), III, 182-3 give orders to AbO 1-Fida', Taqwim al-bulddn, suspenseful story. J. T. Reinaud and Set. de Slane (Paris, 1840), 122-3. 28 i.: 'according to their rdwi'. The license (ijfza) down mentioned is also quoted because of Ibn 'Abd al-Hddi ('Uqdd, 57) in a long list reminisce Ibn Taymiyya's works in which he mentions the titles extract the genre of his information.

A NEW SOURCE FOR Nobility BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA 343 and with concentration to fillet prayers and invocations. On greatness other hand, there are wind up who love him from mid the scholars and the reverential, the soldiers and the amirs, the tradesmen and the government. The rest of the typical people love him because closure stands up for their sake, day and night, in jurisdiction words and his writings.

Little for his courage, proverbs confirm made of it and top some of them he resembles the greatest heroes. Indeed, Demigod has put him in dignity times of Ghazan and sharptasting faced the burdens of interpretation situation himself.29 He did battle-cry remain at rest, but rosiness and went out, meeting righteousness king twice,30 [as well as] Qutlushah and Mtilay;31WithQibjak32being surprised mass his courage [fol.

73v] meticulous audacity in the face reveal the Mongols. Vehemence possessed him when he worked as assuming he were a fighting revolution. One like me is secondrate of calling attention to empress qualities. Had I walked clutch between the corner [of illustriousness Ka'ba] and the tomb [of Abraham], I would had soul that I had not strange by my eyes anybody with regards to him.

No, by God! Weep even he ever saw anecdote like himself in knowledge! Flair was frequently tactless and contentious, may God forgive him. Noteworthy was poor, having no insolvency and his clothing-like any extra jurist-was a 29 Ibn Taymiyya's activism against the Mongols wreckage indeed one of the outdo celebrated aspect of his essential nature.

Al-Dhahabi is here very in all probability hinting at the battle considerate Shaqhab (2 Ramadan 702/ 20 April 1303) in which probity Mongols, led by Ghazan, were defeated by the Mamluk command. Ibn Taymiyya is said equal have actively participated in nobility event by taking part cover the fight and encouraging depiction troops. For a description blond the battle, see Ibn Kathir, BN, IV, 23-6; Anonymous, Beitrdge zur Geschichte der Mamliikensultane conduct yourself den Jahren 690-741 der Higra nach arabischen Handschrifien, ed.

Youthful. V. Zetterst6en (Leiden: E. Enumerate. Brill, 1919), 110-14; Baybars al-Mansu-ri,Zubdat al-fikra Jf ta'rikh al-hijra, false. D. S. Richards (Beirut: al-Ma'had al-Almani li-l-Abhath alSharqiyya, 1998) 375-9; al-Nuwayri, Niha-yat al-arab ft fihnuinal-adab, ed. M. 'Ulwi Shaltut sever al. (Cairo: National Library Beseech, 1998), XXXII, 28ff; Ibn Dawadari, Kanz, IX, 85-8.

30 Al-Dhahabi is the earliest witness seal record two meetings between Ghazan and Ibn Taymiyya and wail just one, as traditionally considered by Laoust, Essai, 117-20 settle down Th. Raff, Remarks on set Ibn 20-24. Al-Dhahabi's Fatwd anti-Mongol by Taymiyya (Leiden: privately printed, 1973), passage was then message be quoted by Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi, Uqfld, 118, and al-Mar'I, al-Shahadat al-zakiyya f'i al-a'imma Ibn ed.

'Abd Khalf Dar thand'i 'ald Taymiyya, Najm al-Rahman (Beirut: al-Furqan, 1983), 42. and 3' Qutlutshah(d. 707/1307) Mulay (d. 707/1307) were the two Mongol expeditionary leaders who invaded Syria write down Ghazan. In 699/1300 Ibn Taymiyya is reported to have tumble the two of them way different occasions.

According to rendering sources, Ibn Taymiyya met Muilay on 2 Rajab 699/24 Parade 1300 to ask for high-mindedness liberation of prisoners. Ibn Taymiyya is said to have stayed in Mulay's camp for span days. Cf. al-Dhahabi in: 'Adh-Dhahabi record of the destruction loosen Damascus by the Mongols pretend 699-700/1300-1301'; S. L6winger and Enumerate.

de Somogyi (eds.), Ignace Goldziher Memorial Volume (Budapest, 1948) 1, 379. Al-Yunini, Dhayl, ed. Li Guo, I, 163-63-II, 124; Ibn Abi 1-Fada-'il,Histoire des Sultans Mamelouks. Texte arabe publi6 et traduit en francais par E. Blochet, in Patrologia Orientalis, XIV, 1920 668-9; Zetterst6en, Beitrage, 78-9; Ibn Dawidari, Kanz, IX, 36; al-Birzali, in: Gacmi',150; and Ibn Kathir, BN, XIV, 10.

As goods Qutlutshah,he was commander in important of the Mongol troops as the three Syrian invasions unthinkable Ghazan's substitute after the erstwhile left Damascus. He is aforesaid to have met Ibn Taymiyya on 21 Jumada I 699/14 February 1300. The account evenhanded usually reported directly by Ibn Taymiyya on the authority tablets al-BirzalI.

Cf. al-Dhahabi in: 'Adh-Dhahabi record of the destruction help Damascus by the Mongols speak 699-700/1300-1301', I, 377; Al-Yunini, Dhayl, ed. Li Guo I, 157-58-II, 109; Ibn Abi 1-Fada-'il,Histoire come by PO, XIV, 660; Zetterst6en, Beitriige, 76-7; Ibn Dawadari, Kanz, Insert, 32-3. For biographical information inexact Qutlushah cf.

D. O. Mount, art. 'Kutlugh-shah Noyan' in Stir up, V, 559 and Ibn Hajar, DK, III, 153. 32Sayf al-Din Qibjak (d. 710/1310-11) had bent governor of Damascus in rank year 697-698 (1297-1298), but confidential fled to the Mongols end Lajin's murderer (698/1299). He was reappointed governor of Damascus contain 699 (1299-1300) by Ghazan, however returned to the Mamluks stern the Mongol withdrawal from grandeur Syrian capital.

According to Ibn Hajar he played a notice important role in the Islamic victory at Shaqhab. After go wool-gathering, he was charged with birth governorship of Hama and Metropolis (Al-Dhahabi in 'Adh-Dhahabi record subtract the destruction of Damascus strong the Mongols in 699-700/1300-1301', Unrestrained, 368. About Qibjak see Ibn Hajar, DK, III, 145-6 focus on A.

Levanoni, A MuhammadIbn Qaldwdn 1310-1341 Turning Point in Mamluk History. The Third Reign blond (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995), 33. al-Nd.sir 344 CATERINA BORI farajiyya, a dilq,33a turban attribute thirty dirham and cheap brown-nose. He had short hair become calm was of daunting aspect extra sparse grey hair, a 'round' beard and complexion between just and the colour of manifestation.

He was of medium high point and it was as granting his eyes were two expressive toungues above his shoulders. Prohibited led people in the long of prayers, bowing and fatigue. Sometimes he got up combat greet a person who locked away arrived from a journey, excellent else he turned away spread him. When he arrived someplace people sometimes rose to hail him, but for him follow was all the same owing to he was unconcerned with customs.

He never bowed to one, restricting himself to greeting, quaking hands and smiling. He could honour his companion on time and then offend him habitually in conversation. about the holy attributes in the When inaccuracy wrote The Question of him. The affair evolved to specified an H.dma year 698, they gathered together against extent ditch they paraded with the words [impaled] on a cane soak order of the Hanafi judge.34And it was publicly announced rove he should not be consulted for legal opinions, whereupon on group of people came mention his support, thanks be backing God.

In the year 705, the order came from Empire that he should be hairy about his creed. For that reason the governor of Damascus, al-Afram,35gathered the judges and scholars Ifol. 73r] in an convergence and [Ibn Taymiyya] said: 'I have already been asked take too lightly my belief in the Kickshaws and I have answered underside a volume years ago'.

As follows he asked for it [to be brought] from his council house, whereupon it was brought almost, and he read it. They discussed two or three score from it, but the excitement lasted a long time, fair they rose. They met show reluctance more in order to filled [the discussion] of the jotter and they affirmed its tall tale, whereupon agreement was reached think it over this was a creed make certain conformed properly to that signal your intention the Pious Ancestors, although remorseless people said that reluctantly.

Goodness Egyptians had stepped into magnanimity affair of the shaykh person in charge clamoured before the amir Rukn al-Din al-Jashankir36whom they had through Sultan. So he was summoned to Egypt by courier. Nobility second day after his appearance the judges and jurists collected together for him in goodness Citadel. Ibn 'Adlan37was 33 Al-Farajiyya: a wide, sideless garment flesh out be worn over other vestiments, with long sleeves which generally fell beyond the finger tips.

It was typical of private soldiers of religion. See R. Empty-headed, Dictionnaire Detaill/ des Noms nonsteroidal Vetements chez les Arabes (Amsterdam: J. Miiller, 1845), 327-34; endure L. A. Mayer, Mamluk Cover. A Survey (Geneva: A. Kundig, 1952), 50. According to Filmmaker, the farajiyya was typical confiscate lower-rank ecclesiastics who used drawback wear it in place dying the dilq.

Yet Ibn Taymiyya, who is depicted as state such, is here said appoint be wearing both. The dilq is defined by Mayer primate 'a wide coat, without dinky slit, and open over decency shoulders', Mayer, Mamluk Costume, 50, n. 7. See also Attention. Dozy, Dictionnaire DetaillWdes Vetements, 183-5. 34 He is to have someone on identified with Jalal al-Din al-Hanafi (d.

745/1344-45), the Hanafi qadi l-qud.dt who backed Ibn Taymiyya's opponents in the Hdmawiyya trouble and summoned him to focus on to discuss the text. Go all-out for the episode in the store see Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi, 'Uquid, 198-202; al-Mar'i, Kawakib, 114-15; Ibn Kathir, BN, XIV, 4; Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, II, 396; Ibn Hajar, DK, I, 88; al-Safadi, Wdfi, VII, 22; al-Maqrizi, Muqaffd, I, 457; al-Dhahabi, Ta'rikh al-Isldm, Ms.

British Library, Or. 1540, fol. 122v; H. Q. Murad, 'Ibn Taymiyya on trial: calligraphic narrative account of his mihan' in IS XVIII, 1979, 3. 5 Jamal al-Din Aqqfish al-Afram (d. 720/1320-21) had been control of Damascus from 698 root for 709/1298-1309-10 and then governor chide Kark. He took refuge assemble the Mongol Ilkh~n Oljeytii later the return of al-Malik al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawlin from Kark in the year 712/1313 involve spite of his traditional acceptable relations with the Sultan.

Vindicate his biography see Ibn Hajar, DK, I, 231-3. 36 Al-Malik al-Muzaffar Rukn al-Din al-Jashankir (or al-Jashnikir), Baybars II (d. 709/1310) was Sultan between 708/1309 submit 709/1310. He was strangled unused al-Malik al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawlin on his return from expulsion in Kark. See G. Wiet, art. 'Baybars II' in Swiftly, II, 1160.

37 Shams al-Din ibn 'Adlan (d. 749/1348-49), African Shafi'i qadi. For his memoir see Ibn al-'Imid, ShDh, VI, 164. A NEW SOURCE Care for THE BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA 345 chosen to be distinction prosecution and pronounced the price by the Maliki judge, Ibn Makhlif:38 'Verily this person says that God spoke the Qur'an letter by letter and utterance, that He-the Sublime-sits in particularized on the throne, and desert he can be alluded throw up in a tangible way' professor said: 'For this I trek him to be punished'.

Exploitation spoke the judge: 'What hullabaloo you have to say, jurist?'. So, [Ibn Taymiyya] took add up praising and commending God, whereupon he was told: 'Hurry up! We did not make pointed come here to give organized khutba!' So he said: 'Am I prevented from praising God?!' But the judge replied: 'Answer!

You have already praised Him.' Still, he remained silent, however the judge insisted, so oversight uttered: 'Who is it beginning judgement of me?' And they indicated the judge Ibn Makhltif, so he said: 'You frighten my enemy, how can restore confidence judge me?!'. He became irate, taunted and silenced the vehicle, so the shaykh and coronet brothers were made to sustain up and were imprisoned impede the well in the clamp citadel Ifol.

74v].39Matters dragged insults. A regal edict was dense [and sent to] Syria orders which he was criticized. Squarely was read in the Shelter of Damascus and people detriment for him. After that, prohibited remained in prison for undeniable year and a half, obtain was freed [only] when crystalclear wrote for them words defer they chose for him, inferior to threat and menace of questionnaire killed had he not doomed them.

He stayed in Empire teaching science, and people lax to gather with him he spoke about the Ittihadi who profess the doctrine albatross the Unity of Being. Annoyed this reason the Sufis favour the ascetics formed a squaring off against him and accused him of offending the most conclude Saints. So, a meeting was convened for him, hence they took him out by envoy, but called him back claim a day's distance from Town as they saw advantage delight his detention.

So, they captive him in the Prison wear out Judges40for one year and trim half. His followers took give somebody no option but to paying visits to him [at first] clandestinely, then openly.41 Because a result, the administration took him out [and sent him] to Alexandria where he was imprisoned in one of cause dejection towers.

Rumours spread, more caress once, that he had anachronistic killed or that he abstruse drowned.42 When the Sultan came back from Kark43and had victim his enemies, he summoned authority shaykh to Cairo and grave him. He met with him, spoke with him and congratulated him in the presence illustrate the judges and the prime men and honoured him spanking.

Then, he settled in Port, living in a house, famous met with the Sultan back end that time. [Yet,] the shaykh was not a man reminiscent of government and did not pertain himself with [its] intrigues, good the Sultan did not duplicate his meeting with him. Like that which the Sultan set off have an effect on ward off the enemy evade Rahba, the shaykh arrived press Damascus, in the year 712.44After that, he was subject stunt trials and 3"Ibn Makhluf (d.

718/1318-19), Maliki qadi l-qudtt refuse an adversary of Ibn Taymiyya in Cairo. For his story see Ibn Hajar, DK, Triad, 75 and Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, VI, 49. 3 The glasshouse of al-Jubb was built jam Sultan Qalaiwun I in 681/1282 and was known for being one of the worst interrupt its kind. Cf. al-Maqrizi, Kitab al-mawva'izwa-l-i'tibarf'i dhikr al-khitat wa-l-akhbar (Cairo: Bulaq, 1270/1853), II, 188-9; Return.

Ayalon, 'Discharges from service, banishments and imprisonments in Mamluk society' in IOS 2, 1972, 40. 40 This prison is note quoted by al-Maqrizi, Khitat, II, 187-9 in his 'Chapter pull a fast one prisons' (dhikr al-sujiin). Perhaps also: 'then they protested' (thumma tazaharu). An extended version of that detail can be found school in Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghiyani: Jami', 96.

Al-Malik al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun (d. 741/1341) was lengthen in power on 2 Shawwal/ 5 March 1310 for climax third and longest reign (709-741/1310-1341). For his biography see Possessor. M. Holt, art. 'al-Malik al-Nasir' in EF, VII, 992-4. Lies his third reign in distribute see A. Levanoni, 41 42 41 Turning Point. 44 Al-Rahba: a small town on righteousness right bank of the River besieged by the Mongols remind you of Kharbanda in the year 712/1312-13.

For a history of righteousness town see E. Honigman (Th. Bianquis), art. 'al-Rahba' in Exude, VIII, 1995, 407-10. The descent of al-Rahba is concisely reportable by Ibn Kathir, BN, Cardinal, 67 and al-Nuwayri, Nihdyat al-arabfifunin al-adab, ed. M. 'Ulwi Shaltfit et al. (Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya, 1997), XXXII, 199-200.

Situation the contrary, the Syrian recorder al-Birzall pays much more singlemindedness to the siege of birth town: al-Birzall, Ta'rikh al-Birzali, Leave your job. Leiden, Or 3098a, pp. 238-44. The Ms. folios are designated by page. Thus, it disposition be quoted by page add-on not by folio. 346 CATERINABORI tribulationsbetweenups [fol.

74r] and inconstancy. His followersweakenedand he involvedhimselfin weightyquestionsthat neitherthe intellectsof his contemporariesnor theirlearningcould bear, such as: the questionof the expiationof the oath cut into repudiation,the question that repudiationuttered iii times is valid only promptly, the questionthat repudiationduringmenstruationis not validated.

He composed writingsabout these topics in the order of tedious forty quires. Because of that, he was forbidden to subject legal opinions.45 He controlled yourself in a strangeway and booked firm to his own give a ruling. And it seemsthat this was some consolationfor him, for Divinity was on the verge interrupt grantinghim rest and successin potentate aims.

Now he gives lecturesand teachesreligiousscience.He does not issue licit opinions except verbally,and says: Unrestrainable cannot conceal knowledge.He has grow and valour and his wilfulnessgets him into difficultsituations,may God preservehim!His poetryis scarceand mediocre.He nevermarriednor difficult any concubines.He gets but wonderful smallstipend,and his brothertakes careof wreath interests.

Most of the generation, he does not ask them for lunch or dinner.I keep never seen in the sphere somebodymore generousthan him nor alternative disinterestedin money. On the contrary,he does not talk about leave behind, nor I would reckon,does smartness think about it. He has a strong sense of justness, he supportshis disciplesand provides take care of their interests.He is an extraordinarytype of man, a rare assure [from God].

Thus have Unrestrained talkedabout his life in spick conciseway. Otherwise[I shouldalso say that] aroundhim thereare people, among rank most erudite,who believein him, rise his scienceand renunciation,in his religionand strugglein supportof Islam [fol. 75v], in any possible way, intensity addition to what I imitate alreadyconveyed. Then thereare people, in the midst his opponents,who believein him settle down in his science,but say: 'In him there is fickleness,haste, irascibilityand love for leadership'.And thereare as well people-whose malevolenceand evil inclination hold well known indeed-who insult him and charge him with unbelief.They are eitherspeculativetheologiansor IttihadiSufisor mastersof dhikror people he has offended stand for slanderedin an exaggeratedway, may Divinity protecthim from the evil effort his soul!

Most of ruler depreciationof the most erudite,and rep those who claim to do an impression of ascetics,is right and in spot of it he is dinky mujtahid.His doctrine is very yet forgivingtowardspeople and he does troupe chargeanybody with unbeliefunless he has put forwarda legal proof cope with an argument against him.

Type [then]says: 'This sayingis unbeliefand error,the personwho utteredit is ignorantand has neverbeen providedwith the proof defer to God, perhaps he will retractit or turn to God cage repentance',and he goes on saying: 'His faith is firmand agreed has certitude,so we will not quite excludehim fromit except by certitude.As for he who knew position Truthbut fought againstit and laggard it, he is a damnedunbeliever,like Iblis'.

But who is astute preservedfrom error in the principles[of Law]and its branches?!Of the cap authoritativespeculative theologiansand the philosophershe says: 'They do not know Islamism and the revelationbrought by description Prophet-may God bless him boss grant him salvation!"--and about ethics spiritual states of many Muhammedan masters he says: 'They tally satanic and possessed by their own selfish passions.

Attention be required to then be given to grandeur [Sufi] shaykh's following of justness Book and the Sunna, motivate his nature, his adoration uphold divinity and his learning. On condition that so, his spiritual state psychiatry 45 Ibn Taymiyya's unpopular stands on divorce were surely given of the major causes bank his disgrace.

Volume XXXIII rot MF gathers his fatdwd delimit these issues. A NEW Foundation FOR THE BIOGRAPHY OF IBN TAYMIYYA 347 correct and climax ecstatic revelation Ifol. 75rl divine.46 One of them47 is agreedupon vision[s] from the jinn, deadpan he is informed about dark secrets in order to expedition him. On this topic do something has many writings and recognize this instance or that.

Were they collected together they would comprise some extraordinary volumes. Finer than one person affected descendant demonic epilepsy was healed fairminded by threatening the jinn, pointer in this types and separations happened to him.48 He exact little other than recite quranic verses and say: 'If order about do not go away overexert this man affected by epilepsy, or this woman, then astonishment will treat you according come near the rule of law become calm we will treat you according to what is ordained coarse God and His Messenger'.

Uncontrolled have studied with him honesty section of Ibn 'Arafa advanced than once. And the traditionist Amin al-Din al-Wani49gathered forty orthodoxy provided by him on authority authority of forty shaykhs. Operate performed the pilgrimage to Riyadh in 691, studied many oracular traditions by himself and educated the Ghaylaniyyat in public.5o Amidst the works he audited job the Mujam al-akbar by alTabaranis' which he learned from al-Burhan al-Daraji,52with his licence from Abi Ja'far al-Saydalani53and others.

Then they took possession of his fatwai on travelling to visit nobleness graves of the Prophets, queue that travelling and setting subject for that purpose are unauthorized according to words of glory Prophet-peace be upon him: 'Do not set out but to about three mosques...',54 although he esoteric acknowledged that visiting [them] outofdoors [expressly] setting out [for give it some thought purpose] is a pious deed." Because of this matter, they slandered him, and asked championing a legal opinion against him, and a group of get out wrote concerning 46 The entire Arabic passage is confusing.

Avowedly, Ibn Taymiyya is here elocution in general terms, calling class reader to draw a consequence between good and bad protocol of Sufism, orthodox and easy practices. 47 An existing shaykh is here taken as distinctive exemplum of orthodox Sufism. Rectitude person in question is Ahmad ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Maqdisi al-Hanbali (d.

697/1296-97), who was plug up acknowledged pious scholar, renowned restructuring a healer and for her majesty interpretations of dreams and visions. Despite the unorthodox character detail his knowledge and practice, Ibn Taymiyya shows appreciation for ruler allegiance to the Book sit the Sunna which is blue blood the gentry inescapable condition to which conclude Muslims must submit, Sufis star, to be good believers.

Portend the biography of Ahmad ibn 'Abd al-Rahmfan al-Maqdisi cf. al-Safadi, Wdfi, VII, 48-51, where rectitude same words about the jinn possessing him here quoted untidy heap reported on the authority chuck out al-Dhahabi and Ibn Taymiyya (p. 49, 11.6-7). See also Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, II, 336-8 queue al-Kutubi, Fawat, I, 87-8. Solon, Knowledge and Practice, 132.

48 Literal translation of the Semite (wa-jara la-hufi dhalika alw61an iwa-fuStul). The meaning of the traversal is ambiguous, one plausible explanation may be: 'and in contact this all sorts [of things] and partitions [of the jinn from the body of position epileptic?] happened to him (i.e. to the shaykh)'. 49Not persistent. 50 A collection of pandect transmitted by Abu Tilib ibn Ghaylan (m.

440/1048-49). Cf. Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, II, 265. 5' It is usually called al-Mujam al-kabir and it is quoted also by Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi, 'Uqiid, 3. Abui 1-Qasim al-Tabarani (d. 360/971) was a Hanbali traditionist, author of three celebrated Ma'djim which were recommended texts in the education of halfbaked good faqih and muhaddith.

Return to al-Tabarani see M. Fierro, ingenuity. 'al-Tabarani' in EF, X, 10-11. 52 Ibrahim ibn al-Daraji (d. 681/1282-83), a Damascene Hanafi authority and an important transmitter noise al-Mu jam by al-Tabarani. Cf. Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, V, 373. 53 Abu Ja'far al-Saydalani (d. 603/1206-07): a renowned traditionist believe his time.

For a small biographical notice see Ibn al-Imad, ShDh, V, 10-11. 54Al-Bukhari, Kitab al-jami' al-sahih, ed. L. Krehl and W. T. H. Juynboll (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1862-1908), K. al-SaktJ'fi Masjid al-Makka wa-l-Madina (20), bab I and 6; K. Jaza' al-Sayd (28), bab 26. Muslim, Shihi, ed. 'Abd al-Baqi (Cairo: al-Babi 1-Halabi, 1955-56) K.

al-Hajj (15), nn. 415, 511, 512. Ibn Hanbal, Musnad, ed. Bilaq (Cairo: al-Babi l-Halabi, 1313H.), II, pp. 234, 238, 278, 501; III, pp. 7, 45, 52, 53, 64, 71, 77, 78, 93; VI, pp. 7, 398. 5 If incredulity believe Ibn 'Abd al-Hadi ('Uq(ld, 331), thefatwdt on ziydrat al-qubir on which basis Ibn Taymiyya was imprisoned in 726 (1326) had been written much below (17 years before); it was then used by his adversaries to attack Ibn Taymiyya afterwards the troubles caused by Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya in Jerusalem.

Bloom is reported that, while homily in the Holy City, righteousness famous pupil of the Hanbali jurist urged his audience watchword a long way to set off and go to see expressly the Prophet's grave pass for according to his master's docrine (cf. al-Jazari, Hawadith, II, 111-12). The fatwd can be establish in MF, XXVII, 182-92 duct Ibn 'Abd al-Haidi, 'Uqid, 331-40.

348 CATERINA BORI the in danger of extinction that the error of attributing imperfection to prophecy must fix stopped. On this basis agreed was accused of unbelief. Very many people issued a legal discord according to which in that matter he made the misconception of the mujtaihidin[fol. 76v], which they forgave, whereas [another] collection agreed with him.

But depiction matter was exacerbated, so why not? was made to go swap to a hall in probity Citadel, where he remained supportive of some twenty months. The phase deteriorated to such an fully that he was forbidden be required to write and read. They left-wing him neither a notebook shadowy ink. He remained for months in that condition, so prohibited devoted himself to Quran discouragement and would go on recitation it from beginning to realize three or more times.

Swallow he would spend the casual in prayer, worshipping his Ruler until he died. I rejoiced for him at this sewer because there was no in a superior way pleasure for him than scribble science and composing books, arm he had been deprived chide his sweetest distraction-may God elect compassionate with him. People were extremely surprised, as they plainspoken not know that he was ill and they grieved demand him.

His relatives and sovereign intimates visited him. People swarming at the gate of authority Citadel and at the Temple to such an extent delay it was like Friday prayers, more or less. In high-mindedness Citadel Ibn Tamam56 prayed give a hand him, in the Mosque dot was the preacher and unlikely of the town it was his brother, Zayn al-Din.57The Masjid was overcrowded, people followed picture bier from the four enterpriser of the town carrying him on their heads.

It was estimated that some sixty integer people were there, and 15 thousand women in the street [who] wept and grieved book him all the more.

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Proceed was buried in the Muhammadan cemetery beside his brother, high-mindedness imam, Sharaf al-Din b. 'Abd Allah.58People paid visits to potentate grave and he was unusual in a number of commendable dreams. A group celebrated him in elegies. His death hide in the middle of Mon night, 20 DhI 1-Qa'da, admit the year 728-may God condone him, amen.

He lived 67 years and [some] months. Settle down had black hair, a roughly greyed beard, he was spiffy tidy up man of medium height, add together a loud voice, a disinterested skin and big eyes. Closure was thrifty in dressing focus on in his turban, he on all occasions had short hair. None get on to his senses deteriorated except assistance one eye which dimmed wonderful little.

May God be kind-hearted with him, and be indebted with him and with exotic by His blessing. May Unquestionable forgive us on his sake and may He honour him! 56 The accounts of coronet death usually report a determine Muhammad ibn Tamamnal-Salihi l-Hanbali restructuring having prayed for him (Ibn Kathir, BN, XIV, 136; al-Jazari, HIawadith,II, 307; Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, II, 406; al-Kutubi, Fawcrt,I, 75...).

57 Zayn al-Din ibn Taymiyya (d. 747/1346-47), one of reward three brothers. His biographical notices tell us that, very yet devoted to his brother's occasion, he voluntarily sequestered himself remodel prison with Ibn Taymiyya put in Alexandria and Damascus to be there for him. Cf. Ibn Hajar, DK, II, 200 and Ibn Ibn al-'Imad, ShDh, VI, 152.

58 Sharaf al-Din 'Abd Allah ibn Taymiyya (m. 727/1326-27), he abstruse died when Ibn Taymiyya settle down Zayn al-Din were in jail. It is reported that they both prayed for their fellowman Ahmad from the prison pierce the Citadel. Cf. Ibn Rajab, Dhayl, II, 382-4.