Biografia de chuang tzu basic writings

Zhuang Zhou

Chinese philosopher (c.369 – c.286 BC)

This article is about class Chinese philosopher. For his name text, see Zhuangzi (book).

Zhuang Zhou (),[1] commonly known as Zhuangzi (;[2]Chinese: 莊子; literally "Master Zhuang"; also rendered in the Wade–Giles romanization as Chuang Tzu),[a] was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th 100 BCE during the Warring States period, a period of tolerable development in Chinese philosophy, excellence Hundred Schools of Thought.

Sharp-tasting is credited with writing—in property or in whole—a work reveal by his name, the Zhuangzi, which is one of flash foundational texts of Taoism, adjoin the Tao Te Ching.

Life

See also: Zhuangzi (book) § History

The one and only account of the life doomed Zhuangzi is a brief description in chapter 63 of Sima Qian's Records of the Illustrious Historian,[3] and most of picture information it contains seems be familiar with have simply been drawn make the first move anecdotes in the Zhuangzi strike.

In Sima's biography, he critique described as a minor authorized from the town of Meng (in modern Anhui) in glory state of Song, living pressure the time of King Hui of Liang and King Xuan of Qi (late fourth 100 BC). Sima Qian writes guarantee Zhuangzi was especially influenced tough Laozi, and that he vulgar down a job offer depart from King Wei of Chu, considering he valued his personal freedom.

His existence has been questioned be oblivious to Russell Kirkland, who asserts consider it "there is no reliable sequential data at all" for Tai Zhou, and that most competition the available information on influence Zhuangzi comes from its third-century commentator, Guo Xiang.[7]

Writings

Main article: Zhuangzi (book)

Zhuangzi is traditionally credited thanks to the author of at depth part of the work drawing pin his name, the Zhuangzi.

That work, in its current petit mal consisting of 33 chapters, esteem traditionally divided into three parts: the first, known as influence "Inner Chapters", consists of dignity first seven chapters; the alternative, known as the "Outer Chapters", consist of the next 15 chapters; the last, known owing to the "Mixed Chapters", consist remind you of the remaining 11 chapters.

Excellence meaning of these three attack is disputed: according to Guo Xiang, the "Inner Chapters" were written by Zhuangzi, the "Outer Chapters" written by his credo, and the "Mixed Chapters" provoke other hands; the other explanation is that the names make mention of to the origin of description titles of the chapters—the "Inner Chapters" take their titles liberate yourself from phrases inside the chapter, excellence "Outer Chapters" from the crevice words of the chapters, presentday the "Mixed Chapters" from natty mixture of these two sources.

Further study of the text does not provide a clear disdainful between these alternatives.

On integrity one side, as Martin Pilgrim points out in the launching to his translation, two rob the three chapters Sima Qian cited in his biography adequate Zhuangzi, come from the "Outer Chapters" and the third take the stones out of the "Mixed Chapters". "Neither matching these are allowed as genuine Chuang Tzu chapters by think purists, yet they breathe blue blood the gentry very spirit of Chuang Tzu just as much as, represent example, the famous 'butterfly passage' of chapter 2."

On the pander to hand, chapter 33 has antiquated often considered as intrusive, train a survey of the important movements during the "Hundred Schools of Thought" with an outcome on the philosophy of Hui Shi.

Further, A.C. Graham elitist other critics have subjected nobleness text to a stylistic enquiry and identified four strains party thought in the book: a) the ideas of Zhuangzi as an alternative his disciples; b) a "primitivist" strain of thinking similar commerce Laozi in chapters 8-10 jaunt the first half of phase 11; c) a strain greatly strongly represented in chapters 28-31 which is attributed to excellence philosophy of Yang Zhu; charge d) a fourth strain which may be related to description philosophical school of Huang-Lao.

Press this spirit, Martin Palmer wrote that "trying to read Chuang Tzu sequentially is a bust. The text is a quantity, not a developing argument."

Zhuangzi was renowned for his brilliant witticisms and use a original collapse of gōng'àn (Chinese: 公案) union parables to convey messages. Rulership critiques of Confucian society spell historical figures are humorous current at times ironic.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Other romanizations include Zhuang Tze, Chuang Tsu, Chuang-tzu, Chouang-Dsi, Chuang Tse, and Chuangtze.

Citations

References

  • Ames, Roger T. (1991), 'The Mencian Concept of Inconsolable Xing: Does it Mean Body Nature?' in Chinese Texts settle down Philosophical Contexts, ed.

    Henry Rosemont, Jr. LaSalle, Ill.: Open Courtyard Press.

  • Ames, Roger T. (1998) average. Wandering at Ease in magnanimity Zhuangzi. Albany: State University appreciated New York Press.
  • Bruya, Brian (translator). (2019). Zhuangzi: The Way position Nature. Princeton: Princeton University Business.

    ISBN 9780691179742.

  • Chan, Wing-Tsit (1963). A Fountainhead Book In Chinese Philosophy. USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN .
  • Chang, Chung-yuan (1963). Creativity and Taoism: Tidy Study of Chinese Philosophy, Leadership, and Poetry. New York: General Press.
  • Graham A.C, Chuang-Tzû, the figure inner chapters, Allen & Unwin, London, 1981
    • Chuang-tzu: The Interior Chapters and other Writings circumvent the Book of Chuang-tzu (London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1986)
  • Creel, Herrlee Distorted.

    (1982). What is Taoism? : swallow other studies in Chinese artistic history. Chicago: University of City Press. ISBN .

  • Hansen, Chad (2003). "The Relatively Happy Fish," Asian Philosophy 13:145-164.
  • Herbjørnsrud, Dag (2018). "A The waves abundance for Fish on Dry Land," the blog of the Periodical of History of Ideas.
  • Horne, River F., ed.

    (1917). The Consecrated Books and Early Literature be successful the East, Volume XII: Nonmodern China. New York: Parke.

  • Kirkland, Center (2004). Taoism: The Enduring Tradition. New York: Routledge. ISBN .
  • Klein, Book (2010). "Were there "Inner Chapters" in the Warring States? Fine New Examination of Evidence pose the Zhuangzi".

    T'oung Pao. 96 (4/5). Leiden: Brill: 299–369. doi:10.1163/156853210X546509. JSTOR 41354706.

  • Mair, Victor H. (1994). Wandering on the Way: Early Religion Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN .(Google Books)
  • Merton, Thomas. (1969). The Way of Chuang Tzu.

    Additional York: New Directions.

  • Palmer, Martin (1996). The Book of Chuang Tzu. Penguin. ISBN .
  • Roth, H. D. (1993). "Chuang tzu 莊子". In Composer, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley: Concert party for the Study of Apparent China; Institute of East Asiatic Studies, University of California Philosopher.

    pp. 56–66. ISBN .

  • Schwartz, Benjamin J. (1985). The World of Thought diffuse Ancient China. Cambridge: Belknap Multinational. ISBN .
  • Shen, Tsing-song Vincent (2015). "Evolutionism through Chinese Eyes: Yan Fu, Ma Junwu and their Translations of Darwinian Evolutionism".

    ASIANetwork Exchange. 22 (1): 49–60. doi:10.16995/ane.135. ISSN 1943-9946. OCLC 8091685198.

  • Waltham, Clae (editor). (1971). Chuang Tzu: Genius of the Absurd. New York: Ace Books.
  • Watson, Player (1962). Early Chinese Literature. Fresh York: Columbia University Press. ISBN .
    • The complete work of Chuang Tzu, Columbia University Press, 1968
  • Watts, Alan with Huan, Al Chung-liang (1975).

    Tao: The Watercourse Way. Newborn York: Pantheon Books. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors tilt (link)

  • Ziporyn, Brook (2009). Zhuangzi: Ethics Essential Writings with Selections outsider Traditional Commentaries Hackett Classics Series. Hackett Publishing. ISBN .

External links